Interpretation of X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns . By H. Lipson and H. Steeple. Pp. viii + 335 + 3 plates. (Mac-millan: London; St Martins Press: New York, May 1970.) £4.

X-Ray Diffraction

Elements Of X Ray Diffraction

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Introduction To Electrodynamics

High-Performance Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters and Their Applications

More than a decade of research in the field of thermal, motion, vibration and electromagnetic radiation energy harvesting has yielded increasing power output and smaller embodiments. Power management circuits for rectification and DC-DC conversion are becoming able to efficiently convert the power from these energy harvesters. This paper summarizes recent energy harvesting results and their power management circuits.

Micropower energy harvesting

Hybrid vibration and wind energy harvesting using combined piezoelectric and electromagnetic conversion for bridge health monitoring applications

Recently, embedded systems and wireless sensor nodes have been gaining importance. For operating these devices several vibration-based energy harvesters have been successfully developed and reported, such as piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and electrostatic energy harvesters (EEHs). This paper presents the state-of-the-art in the field of vibration-based EEHs. Mainly, two types of EEHs, electret-free and electret-based, are reported in the literature. The developed EEHs are mostly of the centimeter scale. These energy harvesters, with resonant frequencies ranging from 2 Hz to 1.7 kHz, when subjected to excitation on the order of 0.25 g to 14.2 g, generate power that ranges from 0.46 nW to 2.1 mW.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/26/10/103001/pdf

State-of-the-art in vibration-based electrostatic energy harvesting

This paper presents the modeling, simulation, fabrication and experimental results of a vibration-based electromagnetic power generator (EMPG). A novel, low-cost, one-mask technique is used to fabricate the planar coils and the planar spring. This fabrication technique can provide an alternative for processes such as lithographie galvanoformung abformung (LIGA) or SU-8 molding and MEMS electroplating. Commercially available copper foils of 20 µm and 350 µm thicknesses are used for the planar coils and planar spring, respectively. The design with planar coils on either side of the magnets provides enhanced power generation for the same footprint of the device. The harvester's overall volume is 1 cm3. Excitation of the EMPG, at the fundamental frequency of 371 Hz, base acceleration of 13.5 g and base amplitude of 24.4 µm, yields an open circuit voltage of 60.1 mV, as well as 46.3 mV load voltage and 10.7 µW power for a 100 Ω load resistance. At a matching impedance of 7.5 Ω the device produced a maximum power of 23.56 µW and a power density of 23.56 µW cm−3. The simulations based on the analytical model of the device show good agreement with the experimental results.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/20/12/125006/pdf

Copper foil-type vibration-based electromagnetic energy harvester

Vibration‐based piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and hybrid energy harvesters for microsystems applications: A contributed review

For portable and embedded smart, wireless electronic systems, energy harvesting from the ambient energy sources has gained immense interest in recent years. Several ambient energies exist in the environment of wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) that include thermal, solar, vibration and acoustic energy. This paper presents the recent development in the field of acoustic energy harvesters (AEHs). AEHs convert the acoustic energy into useful electrical energy for the operation of autonomous wireless sensors. Mainly, two types of AEHs (electromagnetic and piezoelectric based) have been developed and reported in literature. The power produced by the reported piezoelectric AEHs ranges from 0.68 pW to 30 mW; however, the power generation of the developed electromagnetic AEHs is in the range of 1.5–1.96 mW. The overall size of most of the developed piezoelectric and electromagnetic AEHs are quite comparable and in millimeter scale. The resonant frequencies of electromagnetic AEHs are on the lower side (143–470 Hz), than that of piezoelectric AEHs (146 Hz–16.7 kHz).

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0960-1317/25/2/023001/pdf

Farid Ullah Khan

Papers

Hybrid vibration and wind energy harvesting using combined piezoelectric and electromagnetic conversion for bridge health monitoring applications

State-of-the-art in vibration-based electrostatic energy harvesting

Copper foil-type vibration-based electromagnetic energy harvester

Vibration‐based piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and hybrid energy harvesters for microsystems applications: A contributed review

State of the art in acoustic energy harvesting