50 Years of Image Analysis

Hydrogels for biomedical applications.

Sustainable solvents are a topic of growing interest in both the research community and the chemical industry due to a growing awareness of the impact of solvents on pollution, energy usage, and contributions to air quality and climate change. Solvent losses represent a major portion of organic pollution, and solvent removal represents a large proportion of process energy consumption. To counter these issues, a range of greener or more sustainable solvents have been proposed and developed over the past three decades. Much of the focus has been on the environmental credentials of the solvent itself, although how a substance is deployed is as important to sustainability as what it is made from. In this Review, we consider several aspects of the most prominent sustainable organic solvents in use today, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, switchable solvents, liquid polymers, and renewable solvents. We examine not only the performance of each class of solvent within the context of the...

Green and Sustainable Solvents in Chemical Processes

https://mostwiedzy.pl/pl/publication/download/1/a-new-tool-for-the-evaluation-of-the-analytical-procedure-green-analytical-procedure-index_24146.pdf

A new tool for the evaluation of the analytical procedure: Green Analytical Procedure Index.

There is great need for stand-alone luminescence-based chemosensors that exemplify selectivity, sensitivity, and applicability and that overcome the challenges that arise from complex, real-world media. Discussed herein are recent developments toward these goals in the field of supramolecular luminescent chemosensors, including macrocycles, polymers, and nanomaterials. Specific focus is placed on the development of new macrocycle hosts since 2010, coupled with considerations of the underlying principles of supramolecular chemistry as well as analytes of interest and common luminophores. State-of-the-art developments in the fields of polymer and nanomaterial sensors are also examined, and some remaining unsolved challenges in the area of chemosensors are discussed.

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Supramolecular Luminescent Sensors

Multimodal chromatography (MMC) is a family of chromatographic techniques that has been used when single separation modes fail. Multimodal liquid chromatography (MMLC) is a special type of MMC that is applied to increase the number of compounds that can be separated in a single run and to widen the applicability of LC methods. Employment of various modes for chromatographic separations is possible by utilizing different stationary phases, different mobile phases, or different chromatographic conditions in the same run. The selected stationary phases represent the most important variable in MMLC systems. These stationary phases can be classified as mixed or discrete where the former can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature, and the latter can be either tandem or biphasic. Common examples are ion exchange phases with hydrophobic or hydrophilic linkages. Choosing the right mobile phase depends on the compatibility with the recruited modes. A sequential pH and organic solvent gradient is effective for a mixture of charged and neutral compounds. The contributing modes in MMLC can be determined by changing the stationary phase, changing the mobile phase variables, investigating the retention order or comparing the retention patterns to those obtained by single mode methods. The different applications of MMLC in medical, pharmaceutical, and industrial analysis of small molecules are discussed. Representative sample mixtures are water soluble/fat soluble vitamins, acidic/neutral aromatics, and inorganic anions/cations. A table that summarizes the separation modes, the employed stationary phases, the mobile phases, and the detection methods is provided.

Multimodal liquid chromatography of small molecules

Reverse flow-injection analysis (rFIA) involves injection of the detection reagent into a mobile phase of sample. rFIA is one of the FIA modes used to minimize reagent consumption, decrease sample dispersion, improve mixing efficiency and enhance the sensitivity. This simple, inexpensive approach is also applied to multi-component analysis by sequential injection of different reagents in the flowing stream of the sample. rFIA is particularly important in water analysis due to the abundance of the sample. We describe several methods for determination of cations, anions, and organic substances. We also review other applications, such as pharmaceutical, biomedical and industrial analysis.

Reverse flow-injection analysis

Distance-based paper microfluidics; principle, technical aspects and applications

Carnitine and its acylesters are a family of compounds that can be used in the early diagnosis of many diseases. Carnitine and acylcarnitines have a crucial role in fatty acid transportation. The increased level of free carnitine, total carnitine, or the acylesters can act as biomarkers for many metabolic disorders, including diabetes, encephalopathy and cardiomyopathy. The determination of these compounds is difficult owing to the simple aliphatic structure, the chiral center and the permanent positive charge. Although MS detection can be enough to differentiate between some carnitine derivatives, closely related structural isomers of the acylcarnitines must be separated before detection because they form the same base peak and second most abundant ion peak. Different separation methods are discussed in this review, including reversed-phase, hydrophilic interaction, ion exchange, ion pairing, mixed mode liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and electrophoresis. Representative example chromatograms are shown. The sample preparation and the different derivatization reactions are also covered. A table that summarizes the most important analytical methods by detailing the analyte mixture, the sample matrix, the separation mode and the detection method is provided.

Separation of carnitine and acylcarnitines in biological samples: a review

The applications of surfactants in various fields are gaining more attention, which makes full characterization of surfactants of growing interest. It is fundamental to measure the critical micelle...

Fotouh R. Mansour

Papers

Multimodal liquid chromatography of small molecules

Reverse flow-injection analysis

Distance-based paper microfluidics; principle, technical aspects and applications

Separation of carnitine and acylcarnitines in biological samples: a review

Spectroscopic methods for determination of critical micelle concentrations of surfactants; a comprehensive review