https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01009386/document

Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey

The idea of the Internet of Things (IOT) notion is that everything within the global network is accessible and interconnected. As such Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) play a vital role in such an environment, since they cover a wide application field. Such interconnection can be seen from the aspect of a remote user who can access a single desired sensor node from the WSN without the necessity of firstly connecting with a gateway node (GWN). This paper focuses on such an environment and proposes a novel user authentication and key agreement scheme for heterogeneous ad hoc wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme enables a remote user to securely negotiate a session key with a general sensor node, using a lightweight key agreement protocol. The proposed scheme ensures mutual authentication between the user, sensor node, and the gateway node (GWN), although the GWN is never contacted by the user. The proposed scheme has been adapted to the resource-constrained architecture of the WSN, thus it uses only simple hash and XOR computations. Our proposed scheme tackles these risks and the challenges posed by the IOT, by ensuring high security and performance features.

A novel user authentication and key agreement scheme for heterogeneous ad hoc wireless sensor networks, based on the Internet of Things notion

More particularly, calculations are developed and examined to reduce the entire quantity of Wireless access points as well as their locations in almost any given atmosphere while with the throughput needs and the necessity to ensure every place in the area can achieve a minimum of k APs. This paper concentrates on using Wireless for interacting with and localizing the robot. We've carried out thorough studies of Wireless signal propagation qualities both in indoor and outside conditions, which forms the foundation for Wireless AP deployment and communication to be able to augment how human operators communicate with this atmosphere, a mobile automatic platform is developed. Gas and oil refineries could be a harmful atmosphere for various reasons, including heat, toxic gasses, and unpredicted catastrophic failures. When multiple Wireless APs are close together, there's a possible for interference. A graph-coloring heuristic can be used to find out AP funnel allocation. Additionally, Wireless fingerprinting based localization is developed. All of the calculations implemented are examined in real life situations using the robot developed and answers are promising. For example, within the gas and oil industry, during inspection, maintenance, or repair of facilities inside a refinery, people might be uncovered to seriously high temps to have a long time, to toxic gasses including methane and H2S, and also to unpredicted catastrophic failures.

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Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds

The concept of Internet of Things (IOT), which is already at our front doors, is that every object in the Internet infrastructure (II) is interconnected into a global dynamic expanding network. Sensors and smart objects are beside classical computing devices key parties of the IOT. We can already exploit the benefits of the IOT by using various weareables or smart phones which are full of diverse sensors and actuators and are connected to the II via GPRS or Wi-Fi. Since sensors are a key part of IOT, thus are wireless sensor networks (WSN). Researchers are already working on new techniques and efficient approaches on how to integrate WSN better into the IOT environment. One aspect of it is the security aspect of the integration. Recently, Turkanovic et?al.'s proposed a highly efficient and novel user authentication and key agreement scheme (UAKAS) for heterogeneous WSN (HWSN) which was adapted to the IOT notion. Their scheme presented a novel approach where a user from the IOT can authenticate with a specific sensor node from the HWSN without having to communicate with a gateway node. Moreover their scheme is highly efficient since it is based on a simple symmetric cryptosystem. Unfortunately we have found that Turkanovic et?al.'s scheme has some security shortcomings and is susceptible to some cryptographic attacks. This paper focuses on overcoming the security weaknesses of Turkanovic et?al.'s scheme, by proposing a new and improved UAKAS. The proposed scheme enables the same functionality but improves the security level and enables the HWSN to dynamically grow without influencing any party involved in the UAKAS. The results of security analysis by BAN-logic and AVISPA tools confirm the security properties of the proposed scheme.

An efficient user authentication and key agreement scheme for heterogeneous wireless sensor network tailored for the Internet of Things environment

Integrating the various embedded devices and systems in our environment enables an Internet of Things (IoT) for a smart city. The IoT will generate tremendous amount of data that can be leveraged for safety, efficiency, and infotainment applications and services for city residents. The management of this voluminous data through its lifecycle is fundamental to the realization of smart cities. Therefore, in contrast to existing surveys on smart cities we provide a data-centric perspective, describing the fundamental data management techniques employed to ensure consistency, interoperability, granularity, and reusability of the data generated by the underlying IoT for smart cities. Essentially, the data lifecycle in a smart city is dependent on tightly coupled data management with cross-cutting layers of data security and privacy, and supporting infrastructure. Therefore, we further identify techniques employed for data security and privacy, and discuss the networking and computing technologies that enable smart cities. We highlight the achievements in realizing various aspects of smart cities, present the lessons learned, and identify limitations and research challenges.

Smart Cities: A Survey on Data Management, Security, and Enabling Technologies

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) employ self-powered sensing devices that are mutually interconnected through wireless ad-hoc
 technologies. This study illustrates the basics of WSN-based traffic monitoring and summarises the possible benefits in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) applications for the improvement of quality and safety of mobility. Compared with conventional infrastructure-based monitoring systems, this technology facilitates a denser deployment of sensors along the road, resulting in a higher spatial resolution of traffic parameter sampling. An experimental data analysis reported in this study shows how the high spatial resolution can enhance the reliability of traffic modelling as well as the accuracy of short-term traffic state prediction. The analysis uses the data published by the freeway performance measurement system of the University of California-Berkeley and the California Department of Transportation. A microscopic cellular automata model is used to estimate traffic flow and occupancy over time on a road segment in which a relevant traffic-flow anomaly is detected. The analysis shows that the estimate accuracy improves for increasing number of active sensors, as feasible in the case of WSN-based monitoring systems.

Wireless sensor networks for traffic management and road safety

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a net of small sensor nodes, communicating using wireless technology to collect data. It combines distributed sensing and wireless communication, integrated in a self-powered small device with limited computation and memory functions. In this research, a WSN for traffic monitoring was installed and tested in the area of a logistic platform, the freight village of Turin. The sensor network layout was designed to detect all vehicles entering and leaving the area as well as the zones to which they are relating. One peculiarity of the logistic centre installation is related to the sensors’ locations on the roadway: as it was not possible to install sensors in optimal locations, characterised by almost-constant vehicle speed, scarce lane changing, and stationary vehicle pattern, the detection system accuracy requires assessment using vehicle count and classification. After a statistical analysis of system performance under different traffic conditions, a method to analyse and correct detection data is then proposed to reach satisfactory accuracy even in atypical installations.

Wireless sensor networks for traffic monitoring in a logistic centre

Precise vehicle positioning is a key element for the development of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS). In this context, we present a distributed processing technique to augment the performance of conventional Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) exploiting Vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communication systems. We propose a method, referred to as Implicit Cooperative Positioning with Data Association (ICP-DA), where the connected vehicles detect a set of passive features in the driving environment, solve the association task by pairing them with on-board sensor measurements and cooperatively localize the features to enhance the GNSS accuracy. We adopt a belief propagation algorithm to distribute the processing over the network, and solve both the data association and localization problems locally at vehicles. Numerical results on realistic traffic networks show that the ICP-DA method is able to significantly outperform the conventional GNSS. In particular, the analysis on a real urban road infrastructure highlights the robustness of the proposed method in real-life cases where the interactions among vehicles evolve over space and time according to traffic regulation mechanisms. Performances are investigated both in conventional traffic-light regulated scenarios and self-regulated environments (as representative of future automated driving scenarios) where vehicles autonomously cross the intersections taking gap-availability decisions for avoiding collisions. The analysis shows how the mutual coordination in platoons of vehicles eases the cooperation process and increases the positioning performance.

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Augmenting Vehicle Localization by Cooperative Sensing of the Driving Environment: Insight on Data Association in Urban Traffic Scenarios

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the performance of a new strategy which is able to control dynamic route guidance (DRG) systems, mainly in urban road networks. The purpose of this strategy is to achieve dynamic user equilibrium in the network, even in abnormal network conditions, for example when there is an unexpected increase in traffic volume. It is based on feedback concept and it reacts to the traffic conditions observed in real time by adopting a decentralized structure. A series of experiments was performed, by means of a traffic micro-simulator, in a section of an urban road network. In the situations examined, the results seem to be quite positive. The analyses of the link level show that all of the various travel alternatives to reach the destination become more advantageous for users if DRG devices become more widespread among vehicles. In some cases we observe that the strategy succeeds in maintaining the possible alternatives in equilibrium conditions, by distributing users among the feasible turns. At no point in our investigations do we observe an unstable behaviour of the system, even when the number of vehicles fitted with a DRG device increases.

Evaluation of a reactive dynamic route guidance strategy

In freight distribution services a required quality level may have a relevant effect on transportation costs. For this reason an evaluation tool is useful to compare different service settings and support the decision, on the base of quantitative indicators. This paper proposes a method for cost evaluation in this context and presents an application to a case study concerning a freight distribution service, which operates on a wide road network having a city centre, a peripheral urban area and a peri-urban rural zone. A simulation method is proposed to obtain real-life scenarios in order to test the method and its indicators. The performance of each indicator has been evaluated in an experimental context to produce realistic test cases, using a trip planning tool and a demand generator. First, the behaviour of the indicators is analysed with regard to the time windows width planned for the service. Then, their ability in estimating the total transportation cost to satisfy all the requests, under different time period profiles, is shown. The results confirm the ability of the set of indicators to predict with a good approximation the transportation costs and therefore to be used in supporting the service quality planning decisions.

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Francesco Paolo Deflorio

Papers

Wireless sensor networks for traffic management and road safety

Wireless sensor networks for traffic monitoring in a logistic centre

Augmenting Vehicle Localization by Cooperative Sensing of the Driving Environment: Insight on Data Association in Urban Traffic Scenarios

Evaluation of a reactive dynamic route guidance strategy

The Influence of Time Windows on the Costs of Urban Freight Distribution Services in City Logistics Applications