The MAX phases are a group of layered ternary compounds with the general formula Mn+1AXn (M: early transition metal; A: group A element; X: C and/or N; n = 1–3), which combine some properties of metals, such as good electrical and thermal conductivity, machinability, low hardness, thermal shock resistance and damage tolerance, with those of ceramics, such as high elastic moduli, high temperature strength, and oxidation and corrosion resistance. The publication of papers on the MAX phases has shown an almost exponential increase in the past decade. The existence of further MAX phases has been reported or proposed. In addition to surveying this activity, the synthesis of MAX phases in the forms of bulk, films and powders is reviewed, together with their physical, mechanical and corrosion/oxidation properties. Recent research and development has revealed potential for the practical application of the MAX phases (particularly using the pressureless sintering and physical vapour deposition coating rout...

Progress in research and development on MAX phases: a family of layered ternary compounds

https://www.endoexperience.com/documents/FractureRotaryNiTiInstrumentFractureanditsConsequencesParashos2006.pdf

Rotary NiTi instrument fracture and its consequences.

The current utilization rate of steel slag is only 22% in china, far behind the developed countries. At present, the amount of slag deposited in storage yard adds up to 30Mt, leading to the occupation of farm land and serious pollution to the environment. Improving the slag utilization is an important way to resolve these problems. The physical and chemical characteristics of steel slag were analyzed and then the research progress of steel slag utilization at home and abroad as recycled raw material in steel enterprise interior, aggregate of road and hydraulic construction, cement additive and concrete admixture, materials for waste water or gas treatment, construction materials and fertilizer in agriculture production were introduced respectively. At last, the important routes and critical problems for large-scale utilization of steel slag were proposed.

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/946548.pdf

An Overview of Utilization of Steel Slag

Steel slag is a byproduct of the steelmaking and steel refining processes. This paper provides an overview of the different types of steel slag that are generated from basic-oxygen-furnace (BOF) steelmaking, electric-arc-furnace (EAF) steelmaking, and ladlefurnace steel refining processes. The mineralogical and morphological properties of BOF and electric-arc-furnace-ladle [EAF(L)] slag samples generated from two steel plants in Indiana were determined through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies. The XRD patterns of both BOF and EAF(L) slag samples were very complex, with several overlapping peaks resulting from the many minerals present in these samples. The XRD analyses indicated the presence of free MgO and CaO in both the BOF and EAF(L) slag samples. SEM micrographs showed that the majority of the sand-size steel slag particles had subangular to angular shapes. Very rough surface textures with distinct crystal structures were observed on the sandsize particles of BOF and EAF(L) slag samples under SEM. The characteristics of the steel slag samples considered in this study are discussed in the context of a detailed review of steel slag properties.

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Chemical, mineralogical, and morphological properties of steel slag

Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: A review

Utilization of steel slag for Portland cement clinker production.

Properties and hydration of blended cements with steelmaking slag

Comparison of wear properties of tool steels AISI D2 and O1 with the same hardness

The effect of cooling rate on the mechanical and corrosion properties of SAF 2205 (UNS 31803) duplex stainless steel welds

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various thermal treatments on the fatigue resistance of a nickel-titanium (NiTi) engine-driven endodontic file. Study design Fifteen groups of 5 files each of ISO 30 and taper .04 were tested in this study. The cutting tip (5 mm from the end) of files from 14 groups were heat treated for 30 minutes in temperatures 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 375°C, 400°C, 410°C, 420°C, 425°C, 430°C, 440°C, 450°C, 475°C, 500°C, and 550°C, respectively, while 1 group was used as reference. The files were placed in a device that allowed the instruments to be tested for rotating bending fatigue inside an artificial root canal. The number of rotations to breakage was recorded for each file. The mean values of all groups were statistically analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance and Student Newman Keuls multiple comparison test at α = .05. Results The 430°C and 440°C groups showed the highest values, with fatigue resistance decreasing for thermal treatment at lower and higher temperatures. This may be the result of metallurgical changes during annealing. Conclusion Within the limitations of the low sample size and the specific instrument size tested, it appears that the appropriate thermal treatment may significantly increase the fatigue resistance of the NiTi file tested.

G.D. Papadimitriou

Papers

Utilization of steel slag for Portland cement clinker production.

Properties and hydration of blended cements with steelmaking slag

Comparison of wear properties of tool steels AISI D2 and O1 with the same hardness

The effect of cooling rate on the mechanical and corrosion properties of SAF 2205 (UNS 31803) duplex stainless steel welds

The effect of thermal treatment on the resistance of nickel-titanium rotary files in cyclic fatigue.