Effect of caloric restriction on energy expenditure in obese patients

The sections in this article are:


1
Embryonic and Postembryonic Histogenesis of Adipose Tissue
1.1
Occurrence and Appearance of the Primitive Organs of the White Adipose Tissue

1.2
Storage of Fat in the Primitive Organs

1.3
Histogenesis of the Primitive Organs and Their Reticuloendothelial Nature

1.4
Blood Cell Formation in Primitive Organs

1.5
Persistence of the Fat Organ After Loss of the Fat

1.6
Development of the Brown Adipose Tissue




2
Growth and Spreading of Adipose Tissue

The development of adipose tissue

We have studied the effect of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on the respiration of adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture prepared from hypothyroid rat liver. After addition of T3 to the culture medium at a concentration of 2 x 10(-7) M, oxygen consumption of the cultured cells increased detectably at 24 h and was maximal at 72--96 h, relative to control cultures (38.0 +/- 1.8 vs. 25.0 +/- 1.5 microliter/h.mg protein). The thyroid-responsive enzymes, Na+ + K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), each exhibited increased activity in response to T3, in parallel with the change in oxygen consumption, whereas the activity of Mg-dependent ATPase was unaffected. These responses to T3 were dose dependent over similar concentration ranges, the half-maximal response for each occurring at ca 8 x 10(-10) M. In thyroid-treated cells, the observed increase in respiration was almost completely (90%) inhibited after addition of ouabain (10(-3) M) to the culture medium. It was found also that a 4-h exposure of the cultured hepatocytes to T3 was sufficient to elicit a significant thermogenic response, measured at a time (48 h later) when T3 was no longer present in the medium. The response to T3 occurred in fully defined culture medium and was independent of the presence or absence of hypothyroid rat serum, corticosterone, or insulin, and cellular ATP was unaffected by T3 in concentrations up to 2 x 10(-7) M. The findings document that adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture respond directly to thyroid hormone; the increases in respiration and NaK-ATPase activity elicited by T3 were cotemporal and apparently coordinate.

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Thyroid thermogenesis in adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. Direct action of thyroid hormone in vitro

This is a review of an important but controversial subject, written by one of the important figures involved in the controversy. It was not possible to get a review in depth by someone who was not also involved in the controversy. With this in mind, this review was accepted for publication because it was written by an authority actively engaged in the problem and because it was thought important to bring details of the subject to the attention of a large readership. Correspondence is invited.

D-lysergic acid diethylamide (lsd): a review of its present status.

The sections in this article are:


1
I. Introduction

2
II. Physiological role of Brown Adipose Tissue as a Quantitatively Important site of Heat Production
2.1
A. Heat Production by Brown Adipose Tissue During Arousal From Hibernation

2.2
B. Changes in Brown Adipose Tissue of Nonhibernating Species During Exposure to Cold Environment




3
III. Other Possible Functions of Brown Adipose Tissue

4
IV. Suitability of Brown Adipose Tissue for the Study of Metabolic Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue

5
V. Summary

The physiological role of brown adipose tissue1

The metabolism of adipose tissue utilizing neotetrazolium.

SummaryThe influence of 5 tetrazolium compounds on growth of various bacterial species is reported. Gram negative organisms are more resistant to the inhibitory effects of these compounds than are the gram positive organisms. The ditetrazolium salts are more lethal to the bacteria than are the monotetrazolium salts.

Effect of tetrazolium salts on selected bacterial species.

SummaryAGP oxidation has been determined and characterized in kidney, liver, brain and muscle of the mouse. The assay technic utilized is simple, results are reproducible and only readily available laboratory equipment is required. In addition, enzyme inhibitors which might interfere with the accuracy of the determination are not used. It is felt that the present method may serve to broaden the limited lines of clinical investigation dealing with the significance of AGPD in regulation of metabolic processes.

Determination of alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation with tetrazolium.

The effects of serotonin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), chlorpromazine, and reserpine on serum cholinesterase were determined manometrically. Inhibitions of 50% were obtained with 2 x 10−3 m serotonin, 10−6 m LSD, and 5 x 10−5 m chlorpromazine. Reserpine had no measurable effect. Marked potentiation of enzyme activity was achieved with extremely low concentrations of the three drugs (30% potentiation with 5 x 10−6 m serotonin, 50% potentiation with 6 x 10−9 m LSD, and 25% potentiation with 5 x 10−7 m chlorpromazine). This potentiation above control values may be of significance in explaining some central effects of these psychotomimetic agents. It is also felt that both potentiation and inhibition may be related to tertiary amine groupings on the inhibitor molecule. Submitted on February 20, 1957

George H. Fried

Papers

The metabolism of adipose tissue utilizing neotetrazolium.

Effect of tetrazolium salts on selected bacterial species.

Determination of alpha-glycerophosphate oxidation with tetrazolium.

Effects of psychotomimetic compounds on human pseudocholinesterase.

Section of biology: studies of the metabolism of fibroblast cells in tissue culture utilizing neotetrazolium*