Showing papers by "Gerald L. Kennedy published in 1986"
TL;DR: The approximiate lethal dose (ALD) to rats following oral administration of nine chemicals was determined and the category indicated by the ALD was identical with the category determined in the more extensive LD50 studies.
Abstract: The approximate lethal dose (ALD) to rats following oral administration of nine chemicals was determined. The ALD (lowest dose at which death was produced) for each chemical was used to define the general order of toxicity as being either extremely, highly, moderately, slightly, or practically non-toxic. For each of the nine chemicals tested, the category indicated by the ALD was identical with the category determined in the more extensive LD50 studies. In this study, an average of 6.8 rats was needed to determine the ALD while an average of 56.3 rats was needed to determine the LD50.
143 citations
TL;DR: With MMF, the potential usefulness as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent needs to be measured against the hepatotoxic effects produced in man, and a relationship exists between the amount of DMAC or DMF absorbed and theamount of MMAC or MMF excreted in the urine so that biomonitoring of the urinary metabolites can indicate situations in which total exposures, both dermal and inhalation, are excessive.
Abstract: (1986). Biological Effects of Acetamide, Formamide, and Their Monomethyl and Dimethyl Derivatives. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 129-182.
112 citations
TL;DR: The overall toxicologic profiles of both DMAC and DMF are similar with the target organ being the liver with all changes being readily reversible.
Abstract: Dimethylformamide (DMF, CAS No. 68-12-2) and dimethylacetamide (DMAC, CAS No. 127-19-5) are widely used for their superior solvent properties. A series of single and multiple dose experiments in rodents were conducted to determine the target organs, and to establish doses which, under various routes of administration, produced those changes. DMF produced moderate irritation in the rabbit eye, with the corneal response clearing in 2 to 4 weeks. DMAC produced only mild, quickly reversible conjunctival irritation. Oral doses of DMF to the rat of 2,250 mg/kg or greater produced lethality which was associated with liver damage. Lethality occurred following oral doses of 4,500 mg/kg DMAC with LD50's for male and female rats of 5,809 and 4,930 mg/kg, respectively. The 1 hour LC50 by inhalation for DMAC in the rat was 2,475 ppm or greater. Sensory irritation was produced in the mouse at concentrations of 1,658 ppm or greater for DMF. Repeated oral doses of 450 mg DMF/kg to rats produced reduced body weight gain and liver injury with both changes being reversible. DMAC tested similarly produced body weight effects, liver injury, and testicular changes in the rat with all changes again being readily reversible. Dermal doses of 2,000 mg/kg of either DMF or DMAC were poorly tolerated by rabbits. DMAC was slightly more toxic with all treated rabbits dying of acute hepatic necrosis. Repeated inhalation of 2,000-2,500 ppm produced mortality in rats exposed to DMF but not DMAC. Liver injury was seen with DMF, testicular changes with DMAC. DMF and DMAC both produced slight anemia and leukocytosis in rats during 90 days of feeding. Liver weights were elevated in rats fed DMF, but not DMAC, at a level of 1,000 ppm. The "no-observed effect level" in rats fed DMF for 90 days was 200 ppm. The overall toxicologic profiles of both DMAC and DMF are similar with the target organ being the liver.
89 citations
TL;DR: Reversible liver-weight increases, reversible increases in serum enzyme activities, and microscopic liver pathology, including necrosis, occurred at exposure of 8 and 84 mg/m3, and no ocular changes were produced.
50 citations
TL;DR: Under the test conditions of this study, mancozeb was not found to be teratogenic and produced no toxicity unique to the conceptus.
24 citations
TL;DR: Repeated-dose studies showed oxamyl to be noncumulative, with the target system being the nervous system mediated through cholinesterase inhibition, and the material is a mild eye irritant with the reaction limited to the conjunctiva and iris, but systemic absorption via eye contact makes use of protective equipment essential.
16 citations
TL;DR: Oxamyl (methylN',N'-dimethyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]-1-thiooxam imidate; CAS 23135-22-0) was tested for oral toxicity in the rat and dog and in the mouse and evidence of a tumorigenic response was obtained.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a group of 10 male and 20 female Crl:CD(SD)BR rats were exposed to vapors of dimethylacetamide (DMAC) at concentrations of 0 (control), 30, 100, or 300 ppm.
13 citations
TL;DR: Pretreating rabbit eyes with the anesthetic proparacaine or tetracaine had no meaningful effect on the course or intensity of ocular response from treatment with 20% or 100% shampoo, 80% ethyl alcohol, or100% talc.
Abstract: A collaborative program to modify the Draize irritancy test was conducted at eight industrial laboratories to study (1) the effects of treating rabbit eyes with a topical anesthetic prior to instillation of the test materials, (2) feasibility of reducing ocular response by use of a low dose volume, and (3) ocular response to application of the test materials to the cornea or into the conjunctival sac.Pretreating rabbit eyes with the anesthetic proparacaine or tetracaine had no meaningful effect on the course or intensity of ocular response from treatment with 20% or 100% shampoo, 80% ethyl alcohol, or 100% talc. Comparable irritation responses were produced by 20% shampoo and 80% ethyl alcohol, whether the samples were applied over the cornea or into the conjunctival sac. At the 100-µl dosage volume, ethyl alcohol was more irritating than shampoo, a difference that was not evident at the 10-µ1 dosage. A dose-response study with ethyl alcohol suggested that an intermediate dosage of 50 µl would red...
6 citations