2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

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Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

Color Control in π-Conjugated Organic Polymers for Use in Electrochromic Devices

Despite the recent developments in graphene oxide due to its importance as a host precursor of graphene, the detailed electronic structure and its evolution during the thermal reduction remain largely unknown, hindering its potential applications. We show that a combination of high-resolution in situ X-ray photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopies offer a powerful approach to monitor the deoxygenation process and comprehensively evaluate the electronic structure of graphene oxide thin films at different stages of the thermal reduction process. It is established that the edge plane carboxyl groups are highly unstable, whereas carbonyl groups are more difficult to remove. The results consistently support the formation of phenol groups through reaction of basal plane epoxide groups with adjacent hydroxyl groups at moderate degrees of thermal activation (∼400 °C). The phenol groups are predominant over carbonyl groups and survive even at a temperature of 1000 °C. For the first time, a drastic increase...

Probing the Thermal Deoxygenation of Graphene Oxide Using High-Resolution In Situ X-ray-Based Spectroscopies

Amorphous molybdenum sulfide films are efficient hydrogen evolution catalysts in water. The films are prepared via simple electro-polymerization procedures and are characterized by XPS, electron microscopy and electronic absorption spectroscopy. Whereas the precatalysts could be MoS3 or MoS2, the active form of the catalysts is identified as amorphous MoS2. Significant geometric current densities are achieved at low overpotentials (e.g., 15 mA cm−2 at η = 200 mV) using these catalysts. The catalysis is compatible with a wide range of pHs (e.g., 0 to 13). The current efficiency for hydrogen production is quantitative. A 40 mV Tafel slope is observed, suggesting a rate-determining ion+atom step. The turnover frequency per active site is calculated. The amorphous molybdenum sulfide films are among the most active non-precious hydrogen evolution catalysts.

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Amorphous molybdenum sulfide films as catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen production in water

Tin doped indium oxide (ITO) films are highly transparent in the visible region, exhibiting high reflectance in the infrared region, and having nearly metallic conductivity. Owing to this unusual combination of electrical and optical properties, this material is widely applied in optoelectronic devices. The association of these properties in a single material explains the vast domain of its applicability and the diverse production methods which have emerged. Although the different properties of tin doped indium oxide in the film form are interdependent, this article mainly focuses on the electrical aspects. Detailed description of the conduction mechanism and the main parameters that control the conductivity is presented. On account of the large varieties and differences in the fabrication techniques, the electrical properties of ITO films are discussed and compared within each technique.

/pdf/tin-doped-indium-oxide-thin-films-electrical-properties-1emmfeswwg.pdf

Tin doped indium oxide thin films: Electrical properties

Valence changes of copper under oxygen uptake and removal in YBa2Cu3O7−δ observed in situ by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

A comparative in situ time-resolved X-ray absorption study of the electrochemical inclusion of copper and iron species in poly(3-methyl-thiophene)(PMeT) is reported For both treatments, incorporation of metallic ion and complexation with sulphur atoms of the polymer backbone lead to a significant increase of the ex situ macroscopic conductivity However, the detailed mechanisms and kinetics of the various processes are specific to the metallic ion incorporated in the polymer

Electrochemical inclusion of copper and iron species in a conducting polymer observed in situ using time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Polaromicrotribometric (PMT) and Spectroscopic (Infrared-XPS) Study of the Formation and Modifications of Films Formed on a Polarized Platinum Electrode in THF-LiClO[sub 4] Medium

L'invention se rapporte a l'elaboration d'une electrode comprenant un film de polymere electrochrome. The invention relates to the preparation of an electrode comprising an electrochromic polymer film. L'invention a pour objet une electrode (3) recouverte d'un film de polymere (4) obtenu par polymerisation electrochimique d'un monomere M, ledit polymere repondant a la formule generale (M + The invention relates to an electrode (3) covered with a polymer film (4) obtained by electrochemical polymerization of a monomer M, said polymer having the general formula (M + ) n ou X - represente un anion provenant de l'electrolyte utilise pour la polymerisation, le monomere etant soit un heterocycle aromatique substitue a 5 chainons contenant un seul hetero-atome, soit un indole substitue sur le noyau phenyle, les substitutions pouvant etre des groupements de type alkyle, alkoxyle, hydroxyle, aryle, aryle substitue, halogene, trihalogenomethyle, cyano, amino ou dialkylamino. ) N where X - represents an anion from the electrolyte used for polymerization, the monomer being either an aromatic heterocycle substituted 5-membered ring containing a single hetero-atom or an indole substituted on the phenyl ring, the substitutions may be alkyl type groups, alkoxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, substituted aryl, halogen, trihalomethyl, cyano, amino or dialkylamino. L'invention s'applique notamment a la realisation de dispositifs d'affichage electrochrome. The invention applies in particular to the realization of electrochromic display devices.

Electrode containing a polymeric electrochromic film useful in a display device or in an energy storage device

X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy has undergone a great theoretical and experimental development in the last years. This technique has proved to be a powerful tool in elucidating huge number of questions in materials science. Great interest exists in time-resolved experiments achieved with extreme energy resolution and energy scale stability taking full advantage of the strong correlation between the stereochemical environment of the absorbing atom and the exact shape and position of the absorption edge.

Gérard Tourillon

Papers

Valence changes of copper under oxygen uptake and removal in YBa2Cu3O7−δ observed in situ by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Electrochemical inclusion of copper and iron species in a conducting polymer observed in situ using time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Polaromicrotribometric (PMT) and Spectroscopic (Infrared-XPS) Study of the Formation and Modifications of Films Formed on a Polarized Platinum Electrode in THF-LiClO[sub 4] Medium

Electrode containing a polymeric electrochromic film useful in a display device or in an energy storage device

Time-Resolved X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Using an Energy Dispersive Optics: Strengths and Limitations