2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

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Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

Color Control in π-Conjugated Organic Polymers for Use in Electrochromic Devices

Despite the recent developments in graphene oxide due to its importance as a host precursor of graphene, the detailed electronic structure and its evolution during the thermal reduction remain largely unknown, hindering its potential applications. We show that a combination of high-resolution in situ X-ray photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopies offer a powerful approach to monitor the deoxygenation process and comprehensively evaluate the electronic structure of graphene oxide thin films at different stages of the thermal reduction process. It is established that the edge plane carboxyl groups are highly unstable, whereas carbonyl groups are more difficult to remove. The results consistently support the formation of phenol groups through reaction of basal plane epoxide groups with adjacent hydroxyl groups at moderate degrees of thermal activation (∼400 °C). The phenol groups are predominant over carbonyl groups and survive even at a temperature of 1000 °C. For the first time, a drastic increase...

Probing the Thermal Deoxygenation of Graphene Oxide Using High-Resolution In Situ X-ray-Based Spectroscopies

Amorphous molybdenum sulfide films are efficient hydrogen evolution catalysts in water. The films are prepared via simple electro-polymerization procedures and are characterized by XPS, electron microscopy and electronic absorption spectroscopy. Whereas the precatalysts could be MoS3 or MoS2, the active form of the catalysts is identified as amorphous MoS2. Significant geometric current densities are achieved at low overpotentials (e.g., 15 mA cm−2 at η = 200 mV) using these catalysts. The catalysis is compatible with a wide range of pHs (e.g., 0 to 13). The current efficiency for hydrogen production is quantitative. A 40 mV Tafel slope is observed, suggesting a rate-determining ion+atom step. The turnover frequency per active site is calculated. The amorphous molybdenum sulfide films are among the most active non-precious hydrogen evolution catalysts.

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Amorphous molybdenum sulfide films as catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen production in water

Tin doped indium oxide (ITO) films are highly transparent in the visible region, exhibiting high reflectance in the infrared region, and having nearly metallic conductivity. Owing to this unusual combination of electrical and optical properties, this material is widely applied in optoelectronic devices. The association of these properties in a single material explains the vast domain of its applicability and the diverse production methods which have emerged. Although the different properties of tin doped indium oxide in the film form are interdependent, this article mainly focuses on the electrical aspects. Detailed description of the conduction mechanism and the main parameters that control the conductivity is presented. On account of the large varieties and differences in the fabrication techniques, the electrical properties of ITO films are discussed and compared within each technique.

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Tin doped indium oxide thin films: Electrical properties

The oscillator strength for C 1s excitation of azulene in the gas phase has been derived from electron energy loss spectra recorded under dipole-dominated scattering conditions. The spectral features are assigned to C 1s excitations to {pi}* and {sigma}* valence unoccupied orbitals. The azulene C 1s spectrum is compared to that of naphthalene and the differences are related primarily to changes in the {pi}* orbital energies. The near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAPS) spectra of thin films of polyazulene electrochemically deposited on Pt are also reported. The orientation dependence of the C 1s spectrum of very thin films assists spectral interpretation. Changes in the C 1s NEXAFS spectrum associated with electrochemical doping to form a conducting state of the polymer are discussed in terms of the probable conduction mechanism in doped polyazulene.

Carbon 1s excitation of azulene and polyazulene studied by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Near-edge x-ray-absorption fine-structure observations of ordering and metalliclike behavior in organic conducting polymers grafted on a Pt surface.

Thin films of 3-4 substitued 5-membered polyhetero-cycles derived from pyrrole and thiophene have been electro-chemically synthetized, showing reversible electrochemical oxydation and reduction processes, and conductivities varying between 10−4 and 102 ω−1 · cm. The absorption spectra of their doped and undoped states, their switching time and lifetime make some of these polymers interesting for electrochromic applications.

Influence of 3-4 Substitutions On Properties of Five Membered Polyheterocycles

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) thin films electrochemically deposited on Ni have been studied by near edge x‐ray absorption fine structure, as a function of the film thickness and annealing treatment. For 20A thick films, the polymer chains are oriented perpendicular to the surface with the C≡N groups parallel to it. Below a few angstroms, no polymerization occurs but molecules are adsorbed perpendicular to the surface. Annealing at 300°C results in the loss of the majority part of the N content of the film in contrast with the admitted mechanism for bulk PAN.

Gérard Tourillon

Papers

Carbon 1s excitation of azulene and polyazulene studied by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Near-edge x-ray-absorption fine-structure observations of ordering and metalliclike behavior in organic conducting polymers grafted on a Pt surface.

Influence of 3-4 Substitutions On Properties of Five Membered Polyheterocycles

A NEXAFS Study of Thin Polyacrylonitrile Films Electrochemically Deposited on Ni: The Effect of the Film Thickness and Annealing Treatment

Electronic structure and orientation studies of undoped poly-3-alkyl thiophenes electrochemically deposited on Pt as studied by NEXAFS