2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

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Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

Color Control in π-Conjugated Organic Polymers for Use in Electrochromic Devices

Despite the recent developments in graphene oxide due to its importance as a host precursor of graphene, the detailed electronic structure and its evolution during the thermal reduction remain largely unknown, hindering its potential applications. We show that a combination of high-resolution in situ X-ray photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopies offer a powerful approach to monitor the deoxygenation process and comprehensively evaluate the electronic structure of graphene oxide thin films at different stages of the thermal reduction process. It is established that the edge plane carboxyl groups are highly unstable, whereas carbonyl groups are more difficult to remove. The results consistently support the formation of phenol groups through reaction of basal plane epoxide groups with adjacent hydroxyl groups at moderate degrees of thermal activation (∼400 °C). The phenol groups are predominant over carbonyl groups and survive even at a temperature of 1000 °C. For the first time, a drastic increase...

Probing the Thermal Deoxygenation of Graphene Oxide Using High-Resolution In Situ X-ray-Based Spectroscopies

Amorphous molybdenum sulfide films are efficient hydrogen evolution catalysts in water. The films are prepared via simple electro-polymerization procedures and are characterized by XPS, electron microscopy and electronic absorption spectroscopy. Whereas the precatalysts could be MoS3 or MoS2, the active form of the catalysts is identified as amorphous MoS2. Significant geometric current densities are achieved at low overpotentials (e.g., 15 mA cm−2 at η = 200 mV) using these catalysts. The catalysis is compatible with a wide range of pHs (e.g., 0 to 13). The current efficiency for hydrogen production is quantitative. A 40 mV Tafel slope is observed, suggesting a rate-determining ion+atom step. The turnover frequency per active site is calculated. The amorphous molybdenum sulfide films are among the most active non-precious hydrogen evolution catalysts.

/pdf/amorphous-molybdenum-sulfide-films-as-catalysts-for-25r8p463wa.pdf

Amorphous molybdenum sulfide films as catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen production in water

Tin doped indium oxide (ITO) films are highly transparent in the visible region, exhibiting high reflectance in the infrared region, and having nearly metallic conductivity. Owing to this unusual combination of electrical and optical properties, this material is widely applied in optoelectronic devices. The association of these properties in a single material explains the vast domain of its applicability and the diverse production methods which have emerged. Although the different properties of tin doped indium oxide in the film form are interdependent, this article mainly focuses on the electrical aspects. Detailed description of the conduction mechanism and the main parameters that control the conductivity is presented. On account of the large varieties and differences in the fabrication techniques, the electrical properties of ITO films are discussed and compared within each technique.

/pdf/tin-doped-indium-oxide-thin-films-electrical-properties-1emmfeswwg.pdf

Tin doped indium oxide thin films: Electrical properties

Elektrochromeren Polymerfilm enthaltende Elektrode verwendbar in einer Anzeige- oder Energiespeichervorrichtung

Underpotential deposited (UPD) copper on carbon-supported platinum was investigated in-situ in 0.5 M H2SO4 at 0.05 V (SCE) by XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure). By taking XANES spectra at the Cu K-edge and the Pt LIII-edge it was possible to determine the valence state of the copper and observe modifications in the electronic structure of the platinum on adsorption of copper. The XANES for UPD copper shows that the adsorbed copper had an oxidation state close to Cu+. XANES features indicate strongly a tetrahedral coordination for the adsorbed Cu species. A reduction in intensity of the white line in the platinum XANES is consistent with a partial filling of empty Pt d-band vacancies on adsorption of copper. Thus, UPD species can modify the electronic structure of a platinum catalyst. The adsorbed Cu+ species are apparently associated with HSO−4 ions.

XANES Study of Underpotential Deposited Copper on Carbon-Supported Platinum.

L'invention concerne un procede pour modifier les proprietes de conductivite electrique d'un polymere organique par irradiation au moyen d'un rayonnement synchrotron. Selon ce procede, on irradie au moins certaines parties d'un film (7) par le faisceau blanc du rayonnement provenant d'un synchrotron (1). Lorsque le polymere est conducteur, par exemple du polyoctylthiophene, il devient progressivement isolant. En revanche, lorsque le polymere est isolant comme dans le cas du polyacrylonitrile, il devient progressivement conducteur. Dans les deux cas, on peut controler le degre de modification en reglant les conditions d'irradiation, notamment la duree.

Procédé pour modifier les propriétés de conductivité électrique d'un polymère organique par irradiation au moyen d'un rayonnement synchrotron

L'invention se rapporte aux dispositifs electrochimiques et notamment aux dispositifs de stockage d'energie. L'invention a pour objet d'utiliser dans ces dispositifs au moins un support conducteur (1) recouvert d'un film (2) en polymere obtenu par polymerisation electrochimique d'au moins un monomere M possedant au moins un heterocycle aromatique a 5 chainons contenant un seul heteroatome, le polymere repondant a la formule generale (M Xyn. Le monomere de base est un pyrrole, un thiophene, un furanne ou un indole et est substitue par au moins un groupement de type alkyle, alkoxyle, hydroxyle, aryle, aryle substitue, halogene, trihalogenomethyle, cyano, amino ou dialkylamino. L'invention s'applique notamment a la realisation de dispositifs de stockage d'energie, de batteries ou de piles.

Dispositif électrochromique pouvant servir au stockage d'énergie, et système d'affichage électrochromique

The crystalline structure of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) is modified upon contact with an acidic solution (pH equals 3) containing 0.1 M of salts like KCl, KBr, KClO3, KBrO3 or NaHSO3. This modification is labelled 'H type' on the basis of the film Q band shape. Even though the absorbances in the Q band region are the same for all the salts used in this work, the photoactivity of the transformed films varies greatly from one salt to another. Indeed, under 35 mW cm-2 white light illumination, short circuit photocurrents range from 0.25 mA cm-2 (NaHSO3) to 1.0 mA cm-2 (KCl) depending upon the salt used during the modification of ClAlPc. It is shown by electron diffraction, that transformations of the H type induce the same changes for all salts in the interplanar distances of the ClAlPc crystallites. It is probably the result of anion penetration into the film to compensate for the protonation of the macrocycles. This anion uptake in the ClAlPc structure is demonstrated by X-ray absorption in the case of KBr for which Br...C distances of 2.6 angstrom and Br...N distances of 4.2 angstrom are measured. The most photoactive H type transformations of ClAlPc are obtained in the presence of KCl, KBr and KClO3. They have a common point: a similar film morphology. For these salts, the long axis of the crystallites lies along a direction parallel to the substrate surface while it was perpendicular before the transformation. After the H-type modification with NaHSO3, the film morphology is similar to the one of the as-sublimed ClAlPc. NaHSO3 transformed films display the lowest photoactivity even if the crystallinity of those films is comparable, if not better, than the crystallinity of ClAlPc transformed with KCl.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Gérard Tourillon

Papers

Elektrochromeren Polymerfilm enthaltende Elektrode verwendbar in einer Anzeige- oder Energiespeichervorrichtung

XANES Study of Underpotential Deposited Copper on Carbon-Supported Platinum.

Procédé pour modifier les propriétés de conductivité électrique d'un polymère organique par irradiation au moyen d'un rayonnement synchrotron

Dispositif électrochromique pouvant servir au stockage d'énergie, et système d'affichage électrochromique

Modified chloroaluminium phthalocyanine: an organic semiconductor with high photoactivity