Energy-efficient and -economic technologies for air conditioning with vapor compression refrigeration: A comprehensive review

Addressing the growing concerns of climate change necessitates the decarbonisation of energy sectors globally. Heating is the largest energy end-use, accounting for almost half of total energy consumption in most countries. This paper presents an extensive review of previous works on several aspects of heat pumps, including their role in the decarbonisation of the heating sector. In addition, themes related to recent technological advances of heat pumps, as well as, their roles in terms of adding flexibility to renewable-rich systems and carbon abatement are examined. Challenges and barriers facing large-scale deployment of heat pumps are identified. Generally, as the share of renewables in the energy mix increases, heat pumps can play a role in addressing a multitude of problems induced by climate change. The potential of heat pumps to abate emissions, however, is highly dependent on the type of technology, location and electricity mix. Heat pumps can be a source of flexibility in the power system and can upgrade waste heat to provide low-cost heating in district heating networks. They are environment friendly and provide a viable pathway for decarbonising the heating sector. However, economic, regulatory, structural and infrastructural barriers exist, which may hinder heat pump integration rate.

Heat pumps and our low-carbon future: A comprehensive review

Geothermal Energy (GE) is a non-carbon renewable source of sustainable energy with untapped potential for mitigating the threat of climate change. To achieve a sustainable pathway for development, evaluation of technical and economic constraints must be addressed within a framework of environmental governance and social and legal challenges that arise during implementing of geothermal projects. Key barriers to deployment of geothermal resources on a wide scale include high capital costs, location and quality of resource at different depths and opposition by local communities. Here we provide a detailed review of the barriers, identify credible solutions and highlight options for enhancing geothermal capacity and energy production on a global scale required to meet ‘net-zero’ carbon emission targets. Globally by 2050 as part of a strategy to reduce greenhouse gases. This study is a valid source for upcoming studies and implementations by analyzing the influential factors on the development and future of geothermal energy.

Environmental, economic, and social impacts of geothermal energy systems

What is the heat beneath our feet? There is a growing interest in the geothermal resources available at shallow depth beneath cities. However, there exists no general procedure for quantifying the low-temperature geothermal potential in urban ground and groundwater. This review categorizes previous work based on different definitions of the geothermal potential and compares the different assessment methods used. It is demonstrated that the theoretical potential of the available heat at a shallow depth is enormous, especially when not only the heat in place, but also compensating heat fluxes are considered. The technical potential describes the extractable heat by a specific technology. The methods to evaluate the extractable heat are manifold, including the use of technical performance standards, analytical and numerical simulation tools and mathematical regression procedures. These are different for groundwater well based open-loop systems and heat-exchanger-based closed loop systems, and the results depend on variable local factors, the density of systems applied and whether heat and/or cold is utilized. We contrast the published findings based on the power density and the relative contribution to the demand of a city. The broad span of the results highlights the need for a more consistent framework that distinguishes between the conceptual assumptions for calculating the technical geothermal potential and the local city-specific factors. This will be the basis for a reliable analysis of the economic geothermal potential of low-temperature geothermal applications on a local, district or city scale. This will also enhance the reliability and the trust in these technologies, and thus the public acceptance reflected in the acceptable geothermal potential.

The geothermal potential of cities

Economic analysis of vertical ground source heat pump systems in Melbourne

Feasibility and performance analysis of hybrid ground source heat pump systems in fourteen cities

Environmental assessment of hybrid ground source heat pump systems

https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/258377/PMC5362227.pdf

Gregorius Riyan Aditya

Papers

Economic analysis of vertical ground source heat pump systems in Melbourne

Feasibility and performance analysis of hybrid ground source heat pump systems in fourteen cities

Environmental assessment of hybrid ground source heat pump systems

Cost and performance data for residential buildings fitted with GSHP systems in Melbourne Australia.

Geothermal Energy: Introducing an Emerging Technology