Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands.

Heavy metal contamination of soil and water causing toxicity/stress has become one important constraint to crop productivity and quality. This situation has further worsened by the increasing population growth and inherent food demand. It have been reported in several studies that counterbalancing toxicity, due to heavy metal requires complex mechanisms at molecular, biochemical, physiological, cellular, tissue and whole plant level, which might manifest in terms of improved crop productivity. Recent advances in various disciplines of biological sciences such as metabolomics, transcriptomics, proteomics etc. have assisted in the characterization of metabolites, transcription factors, stress-inducible proteins involved in heavy metal tolerance, which in turn can be utilized for generating heavy metal tolerant crops. This review summarizes various tolerance strategies of plants under heavy metal toxicity, covering the role of metabolites (metabolomics), trace elements (ionomics), transcription factors (transcriptomics), various stress-inducible proteins (proteomics) as well as the role of plant hormones. We also provide a glance at strategies adopted by metal accumulating plants also known as “metallophytes”.

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Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants: Role of Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Ionomics.

Inhibitory effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth of four pathogenic bacteria: E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes

Plants are the target of a wide range of pollutants that vary in concentration, speciation, and toxicity. Such pollutants mainly enter the plant system through the soil (Arshad et al. 2008) or via the atmosphere (Uzu et al. 2010). Among common pollutants that affect plants, lead is among the most toxic and frequently encountered (Cecchi et al. 2008; Grover et al. 2010; Shahid et al. 2011). Lead continues to be used widely in many industrial processes and occurs as a contaminant in all environmental compartments (soils, water, the atmosphere, and living organisms). The prominence of environmental lead contamination results both from its persistence (Islam et al. 2008; Andra et al. 2009; Punamiya et al. 2010) and from its present and past numerous sources. These sources have included smelting, combustion of leaded gasoline, or applications of lead-contaminated media (sewage sludge and fertilizers) to land (Piotrowska et al. 2009; Gupta et al. 2009; Sammut et al. 2010; Grover et al. 2010). In 2009, production of recoverable lead from mining operations was 1690, 516, and 400 thousand metric tons by China, Australia, and the USA, respectively (USGS 2009).

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Lead Uptake, Toxicity, and Detoxification in Plants

Fatty acid (FAs) and RAPD profiles were used to examine phenotypic and genetic relationships among five Astragalus species, namely A. declinatus, A. microcephalus, A. aduncus, A. xerophilus and A. erinoceus, which were grown as wild in Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. All of five Astragalus species tested in this study were separated based on the presence and composition of 69 different FAs. Four of Astragalus species including A. declinatus, A. xerophilus, A. erinoceus and A. aduncus, were rich in terms of FA contents containing at least 28-55 different FAs. Six of the twelve decamer primers examined were selected to find out genetic polymorphism in Astragalus species. Total 36 polymorphic bands were observed, ranging in size from 300 bp to 2100 bp. The RAPD results suggested that A. microcephalus, A. erinoceus, and A. aduncus are closely related and completely different than the other species. Three genetically distinct groups were found between Astragalus species. The results of the present study suggest that both RAPD and FA analysis are useful methods, which can be used for differentiation of Astragalus species.

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Phenotypic and genetic variation among Astragalus species from Turkey.

The effects of different methanol extracts of Convolvulus arvensis on phytohormones (indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)) levels of corn were investigated. It was observed that all concentrations of methanol extracts (50 µl, 75 µl, 100 µl) of roots, stems and leaves of C. arvensis decreased the mitotic index and also caused abnormalities in chromosomes. On the other hand, phytohormone levels have been changed by application of different extracts at various concentrations. Compared with the control, GA levels decreased significantly whereas ABA levels increased in all the application groups. SA and IAA levels showed changes depending upon applied extracts and their concentrations.

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Allelopathic Effect of Convolvulus arvensis L. Extracts on The Phytohormones and Cytological Processes of Zea mays L. Seeds

Genetic divergence in some barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes by RAPD and ISSR analyses.

Retrotransposon activity and genomic template stability (GTS) are one of the most significant rearranging mechanisms in environmental stress. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to elucidate effecting of Cobalt (Co) on the instability of genomes and Long Terminal Repeat retrotransposon polymorphism in Zea mays and whether humic acid (HA) has any role on these parameters. For this purpose, Retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP) and Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP) markers were applied to evaluate retrotransposon polymorphism and the GTS levels. It was found that IRAP and REMAP primers generate unique polymorphic band structures on maize plants treated with various doses of Co. Retrotransposon polymorphism increased and GTS decreased while increasing Co concentration. On the other hand, there was a reduction in negative effects of Co on retrotransposon GTS and polymorphism after treatment with HA. The results indicate that HA may be used effectively for the protection of maize seedlings from the destructive effects of Co toxicity.

Cobalt-induced retrotransposon polymorphism and humic acid protection on maize genome.

The aim of this study is to investigate for the first time in vitro antimicrobial and antimutagenic activities of Schiff bases included the azomethine group. Antimutagenic activity was evaluated by micronucleus (MN) assay. These group have been examined for antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi H, Brucella abortus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results of MN showed that Schiff bases ((E)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)methanimine ; (E)-N-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl) methanimine) different concentrations decreased the toxic effects of Aflatoxin B1. Especially, high concentration (20μM) of (E)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)methanimine (compound 1) has strong antimutagenic activity. In our in vitro test systems, it was observed that Schiff bases had antimutagenic effects on human lymphocytes. On the other hand these compounds were also found to possess antimicrobial activity against some test bacteria and yeast. The antimicrobial test results of these Schiff bases included the azomethine group exhibited better activity than some known antibiotics. In particular, Compound 1 were more potent bactericides than all of the substances synthesized. In conclusion, this Schiff bases included the azomethine group can be use pharmacy industries as recognized with their noncytotoxic, antimicrobial and antimutagenic features.

Guleray Agar

Papers

Phenotypic and genetic variation among Astragalus species from Turkey.

Allelopathic Effect of Convolvulus arvensis L. Extracts on The Phytohormones and Cytological Processes of Zea mays L. Seeds

Genetic divergence in some barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes by RAPD and ISSR analyses.

Cobalt-induced retrotransposon polymorphism and humic acid protection on maize genome.

Synthesis, anti-microbial and anti-mutagenic activities of some Schiff bases derivatives containing thiophene group