Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines : management of hepatocellular carcinoma

Background and Aims:The lack of consensus on how to define and grade adverse postoperative events has greatly hampered the evaluation of surgical procedures. A new classification of complications, initiated in 1992, was updated 5 years ago. It is based on the type of therapy needed to correct the co

The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: five-year experience.

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

Medscape

Hypothermia is a common postsurgical problem, yet information documenting the impact of laparoscopy on perioperative heat balance is scarce. This paper quantifies the changes in core temperature over a 3-h period of high-flow CO2 insufflation in a randomized, controlled trial of six pigs. Each animal was anesthetized and studied on three occasions under standardized conditions, acting as its own control via insufflation with no gas compared with insufflation by cold gas and warmed gas. Insufflation of CO2 gas at high-flow rates over a prolonged period of time results in a significant fall in core temperature. The provision of warmed rather than cold insufflated gas confers no protection against changes in core temperature during laparoscopic surgery due to the small amount of heat required to warm the gas to body temperature. A much greater effect is the latent heat required to saturate the insufflated gas. Most of the hypothermic effect is due to this, and could be minimized by humidifying the flow.

Hypothermia induced by laparoscopic insufflation. A randomized study in a pig model

Systematic Review of Treatments for Varicose Veins

Fundoplication of the stomach is an established surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. Its mechanism of action remains unclear. To assess its effect on gastric emptying, 21 patients (11 men, 10 women), median age 47 years (range 19-72), underwent a gastric emptying study before and 6 months after fundoplication. Gastric emptying studies were performed after an overnight fast using a dual isotope technic. Solid and liquid emptying rates were assessed over 120 minutes. The time taken for 50% of the liquid marker to leave the gastric region was a median of 22 minutes before surgery (range 9-35) and 13 minutes after surgery (range 9-27) (p less than 0.01). The percentage of solid remaining in the stomach 100 minutes after ingestion was 50% before surgery (range 19-90) and 44% after surgery (range 5-89) (p less than 0.01). We conclude that gastric emptying of both solids and liquids tends to be increased following fundoplication. This observation suggests a further mechanism for the efficacy of this operation in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux.

Fundoplication enhances gastric emptying.

Perioperative Morbidity Affects Long-Term Survival in Patients Following Liver Resection for Colorectal Metastases

Lana Sturm, Drew Dawson, Richard Vaughan, Peter Hewett, Andrew G. Hill, John C. Graham and Guy J. Maddern

Guy J. Maddern

Papers

Hypothermia induced by laparoscopic insufflation. A randomized study in a pig model

Systematic Review of Treatments for Varicose Veins

Fundoplication enhances gastric emptying.

Perioperative Morbidity Affects Long-Term Survival in Patients Following Liver Resection for Colorectal Metastases

Effects of fatigue on surgeon performance and surgical outcomes: a systematic review.