Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines : management of hepatocellular carcinoma

Background and Aims:The lack of consensus on how to define and grade adverse postoperative events has greatly hampered the evaluation of surgical procedures. A new classification of complications, initiated in 1992, was updated 5 years ago. It is based on the type of therapy needed to correct the co

The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: five-year experience.

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

Medscape

Increasing experience with major hepatic resections has stimulated the development of improved resectional techniques and tools A new high velocity water jet dissector is reported which offers significant advances over previously developed ultrasonic and low pressure water jet machines It has been successfully used in 8 major hepatic resections with minimal blood loss, excellent visibility and without complications The dissector is also of value in the exposure of intrahepatic bile ducts for biliaryenteric anastomosis

https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/1991/060679.pdf

Hepatic surgery facilitated by a new jet dissector.

Background: To assess the impact of hospital and surgeon volume on mortality, morbidity, length of hospital stay and costs of radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods: This systematic review identified relevant studies published between 1997 and June 2007. Inclusion of papers was established through application of a predetermined protocol, independent assessment by two reviewers, and a final consensus decision. Results: Compared with low volume hospitals, the included studies showed high volume hospitals demonstrated lower rates of mortality, postoperative complications and readmissions, and lower overall hospital costs. High volume surgeons similarly showed lower rates of postoperative complications and shorter length of stay compared with low volume surgeons, but no difference in mortality. Conclusions: From the literature obtained, patients undergoing RP performed by high volume providers may have better outcomes compared to low volume providers; however, any move to centralize RP must be further evaluated.

Radical prostatectomy: A systematic review of the impact of hospital and surgeon volume on patient outcome

Adhesion barriers for abdominal surgery: a sticky problem

Background: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is increasingly being performed on a day-case basis. The aim of the present paper was to systematically review published data on day-case or ambulatory laparoscopic fundoplication and discuss the differing criteria for patient selection, postoperative management and patient outcomes presented in each series.



Methods:  An optimally sensitive search strategy of subject headings and text words were used and the databases used included MEDLINE, PubMed and the Cochrane Library. All databases were searched from 1 January 1994 onwards.



Results:  A total of seven papers were included in the present review, of which six were prospective single-cohort studies. Overall, there was large heterogeneity among the studies but with similar complication and readmission rates.



Conclusions:  Short-term outcomes for laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in terms of complications and readmission rates are comparable to inpatient procedures. However there is a paucity of published data.

Systematic review of day-case laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.

Background: It has previously been shown that the insufflation of humidified gas during laparoscopy results in less postoperative pain than is observed following the use of dry gas. Experimental evidence also suggests that dry gas insufflation during thoracoscopy results in greater structural injury to the pleura than occurs with the use of humidified gas. The present study was designed to determine the effect of humidified gas insufflation on postoperative pain following thoracoscopic procedures. Methods: Forty consecutive patients were prospectively randomized. Twenty patients were insufflated with humidified carbon dioxide (CO2), and 20 control patients received standard dry CO2. Results: The patients' analogue pain score was significantly lower following humidified gas insufflation compared to dry gas insufflation when assessed at 6 h postoperatively, as well as on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 14th postoperative days. The postoperative morphine consumption was lower in the humidified group than it was in the control group. The incidence of respiratory complications was identical for both groups. Conclusion: The use of humidified gas appears to reduce postoperative pain but not the rate of respiratory complications.

A randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of humidified carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation on postoperative pain following thoracoscopic procedures.

Guy J. Maddern

Papers

Hepatic surgery facilitated by a new jet dissector.

Radical prostatectomy: A systematic review of the impact of hospital and surgeon volume on patient outcome

Adhesion barriers for abdominal surgery: a sticky problem

Systematic review of day-case laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.

A randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of humidified carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation on postoperative pain following thoracoscopic procedures.