This article presents measurement results and models for 60-GHz channels. Multipath components were resolved in time by using a sliding correlator with 10-ns resolution and in space by sweeping a directional antenna with 7/spl deg/ half power beamwidth in the azimuthal direction. Power delay profiles (PDPs) and power angle profiles (PAPs) were measured in various indoor and short-range outdoor environments. Detailed multipath structure was retrieved from PDPs and PAPs and was related to site-specific environments. Results show an excellent correlation between the propagation environments and the multipath channel structures. The measurement results confirm that the majority of the multipath components can be determined from image based ray tracing techniques for line-of-sight (LOS) applications. For non-LOS (NLOS) propagation through walls, the metallic structure of composite walls must be considered. From the recorded PDPs and PAPs, received signal power and statistical parameters of angle-of-arrival and time-of-arrival were also calculated. These parameters accurately describe the spatial and temporal properties of millimeter-wave channels and can be used as empirical values for broadband wireless system design for 60-GHz short-range channels.

Spatial and temporal characteristics of 60-GHz indoor channels

A comprehensive review of the propagation prediction models for terrestrial wireless communication systems is presented in this paper. The classic empirical models are briefly described and the focus is placed on the application of ray-tracing techniques to the development of deterministic propagation models. Schemes to increase the computational efficiency and accuracy are discussed. Traditional statistical models are also briefly reviewed for completeness. New challenges to the propagation prediction are described and some new approaches for meeting these challenges are presented.

Propagation prediction models for wireless communication systems

The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band spanning from 30 to 300 GHz constitutes a substantial portion of the unused frequency spectrum, which is an important resource for future wireless communication systems in order to fulfill the escalating capacity demand. Given the improvements in integrated components and enhanced power efficiency at high frequencies, wireless systems can operate in the mmWave frequency band. In this paper, we present a survey of the mmWave propagation characteristics, channel modeling, and design guidelines, such as system and antenna design considerations for mmWave, including the link budget of the network, which are essential for mmWave communication systems. We commence by introducing the main channel propagation characteristics of mmWaves followed by channel modeling and design guidelines. Then, we report on the main measurement and modeling campaigns conducted in order to understand the mmWave band’s properties and present the associated channel models. We survey the different channel models focusing on the channel models available for the 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz frequency bands. Finally, we present the mmWave channel model and its challenges in the context of mmWave communication systems design.

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Millimeter-Wave Communications: Physical Channel Models, Design Considerations, Antenna Constructions, and Link-Budget

In this paper, we present reflection coefficients and penetration losses for common building materials at 28 GHz for the design and deployment of future millimeter wave mobile communication networks. Reflections from walls and buildings and penetration losses were measured for indoor and outdoor materials, such as tinted glass, clear glass, brick, concrete, and drywall at 28 GHz in New York City. A 400 Mega-chip-per-second sliding correlator channel sounder and 24.5 dBi steerable horn antennas were used to emulate future mobile devices with adaptive antennas that will likely be used in future millimeter wave cellular systems [1]. Measurements in and around buildings show that outdoor building materials are excellent reflectors with the largest measured reflection coefficient of 0.896 for tinted glass as compared to indoor building materials that are less reflective. We also found that penetration loss is dependent not only on the number of obstructions and distance between transmitter and receiver, but also on the surrounding environment. The greatest penetration loss containing three interior walls of an office building was found to be 45.1 dB, with 11.39 m separation between the transmitter and receiver.

28 GHz millimeter wave cellular communication measurements for reflection and penetration loss in and around buildings in New York city

The fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems will be in use around 2020. The aim of 5G systems is to provide anywhere and anytime connectivity for anyone and anything. Several new technologies are being researched for 5G systems, such as massive multiple-input multiple-output communications, vehicle-to-vehicle communications, high-speed train communications, and millimeter wave communications. Each of these technologies introduces new propagation properties and sets specific requirements on 5G channel modeling. Considering the fact that channel models are indispensable for system design and performance evaluation, accurate and efficient channel models covering various 5G technologies and scenarios are urgently needed. This paper first summarizes the requirements of the 5G channel modeling, and then provides an extensive review of the recent channel measurements and models. Finally, future research directions for channel measurements and modeling are provided.

A Survey of 5G Channel Measurements and Models

We have measured (at 57.5 GHz) the reflection and transmission coefficients of typical walls, floor, ceiling, window, and partitions and have compared the measured reflection characteristics with the reflection characteristics estimated by multilayer dielectric models. Although the positional inhomogeneity of structures gives rise to some variation from one measured position to another, these positional variabilities are not large. The overall trend of reflection coefficients calculated by multilayer dielectric models thus agrees fairly well with the trend of the measurements. We have shown that the use of circular polarization can reduce the reflection even if the interior parts of the structure have complicated structures. In addition, the shadowing effects of several types of partitions were measured. The transmission coefficients of partitions depend on the materials. The transmission losses of plywood-made partitions are found to be fairly low.

Measurements of reflection and transmission characteristics of interior structures of office building in the 60-GHz band

We have measured, at 57.5 GHz, the reflection and transmission coefficients of typical walls, floor, ceiling, window, and partitions and have compared the measured reflection characteristics with the reflection characteristics estimated by multi-layer dielectric models. Although the positional inhomogeneity of structure types gives rise to some variation from one measured position to another, these positional variabilities are not large, The overall trend of reflection coefficients calculated by multi-layer dielectric models thus mainly agrees well with the trend of the measurements. We have shown that the use of circular polarization can reduce the reflection even if the interior parts of the structure have complicated structures. In addition, the shadowing effects of several types of partitions were measured. The transmission coefficients of partitions depend on the materials. The losses due to plywood partitions are very low, but a metallic partition shields millimeter waves.

H. Saito

Papers

Measurements of reflection and transmission characteristics of interior structures of office building in the 60-GHz band

Measurements of reflection and transmission characteristics of interior structures of office building in the 60 GHz band