Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Chemical and microbial remediation of hexavalent chromium from contaminated soil and mining/metallurgical solid waste: a review.

The discovery and development of electrode materials promise superior energy or power density. However, good performance is typically achieved only in ultrathin electrodes with low mass loadings (≤1 mg cm−2) and is difficult to realize in commercial electrodes with higher mass loadings (>10 mg cm−2). To realize the full potential of these electrode materials, new electrode architectures are required that can allow more efficient charge transport beyond the limits of traditional electrodes. In this Review, we summarize the design and synthesis of 3D electrodes to address charge transport limitations in thick electrodes. Specifically, we discuss the role of charge transport in electrochemical systems and focus on the design of 3D porous structures with a continuous conductive network for electron transport and a fully interconnected hierarchical porosity for ion transport. We also discuss the application of 3D porous architectures as conductive scaffolds for various electrode materials to enable composite electrodes with an unprecedented combination of energy and power densities and then conclude with a perspective on future opportunities and challenges. 3D electrodes with interconnected and interpenetrating pathways enable efficient electron and ion transport. In this Review, the design and synthesis of such 3D electrodes are discussed, along with their ability to address charge transport limitations at high areal mass loading and to enable composite electrodes with an unprecedented combination of energy and power densities in electrochemical energy storage devices.

Hierarchical 3D electrodes for electrochemical energy storage

Protection of environment is of immediate concern and this can only be achieved by avoiding the use of chemicals for fuel production. Lignocellulosic waste is becoming popular as a feedstock for biofuel production. The can be converted into usable form for biofuel production by using a suitable pretreatment method. Different pretreatment methods have been used by researchers which are physical, chemical, physico-chemical, biological and combined pretreatments. Evidently chemical pretreatment is found to be more expensive as a large amount of chemicals are used for pretreating the lignocellulosic substrate. It has been shown that combined pretreatments are more effective as compared to single pretreatment and there is an extensive scope of combinations which can also be applied in future. Recent review critically discusses and compares different pretreatment methods, biomass resources, chemical composition of different agricultural biomass and the use of this biomass for bioenergy generation. Various pretreatment processes used for bio-hydrogen, bio-methane, bio-ethanol, bio-methanol bio-butanol and bio-diesel production are also discussed.

Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes for biofuel production: A critical review

Research in mammalian cell biology often relies on developing in vitro models to enable the growth of cells in the laboratory to investigate a specific biological mechanism or process under different test conditions The quality of such models and how they represent the behavior of cells in real tissues plays a critical role in the value of the data produced and how it is used It is particularly important to recognize how the structure of a cell influences its function and how co-culture models can be used to more closely represent the structure of real tissue In recent years, technologies have been developed to enhance the way in which researchers can grow cells and more readily create tissue-like structures Here we identify the limitations of culturing mammalian cells by conventional methods on two-dimensional (2D) substrates and review the popular approaches currently available that enable the development of three-dimensional (3D) tissue models in vitro There are now many ways in which the growth environment for cultured cells can be altered to encourage 3D cell growth Approaches to 3D culture can be broadly categorized into scaffold-free or scaffold-based culture systems, with scaffolds made from either natural or synthetic materials There is no one particular solution that currently satisfies all requirements and researchers must select the appropriate method in line with their needs Using such technology in conjunction with other modern resources in cell biology (eg human stem cells) will provide new opportunities to create robust human tissue mimetics for use in basic research and drug discovery Application of such models will contribute to advancing basic research, increasing the predictive accuracy of compounds, and reducing animal usage in biomedical science

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/joa.12257

Advances in 3D cell culture technologies enabling tissue-like structures to be created in vitro.

A high-density polyethylene (HDPE), a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), and an oxetane based alternating block thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) were subjected to steady torsional and capillary flows. HDPE and PDMS exhibited wall slip in steady torsional flow. The shear stress ranges at which wall slip became apparent during steady torsional flow for HDPE and PDMS coincided with the wall shear stress ranges in capillary flow at which distortions of the extrudates emerging from capillary die were first noted. In contrast, TPE did not exhibit wall slip in steady torsional flow (for shear rates up to 200 s−1 and strains up to 25). None of the three polymers exhibited any overshoots of shear stress or first normal stress difference under steady flow conditions, indicating that the often-reported stress overshoots could be artifacts of wall slip. Furthermore, the extrudates of the TPE were relatively smooth and exhibited only minor and nonperiodic surface blemishes. The absence of extrudate distortions under the pres...

Wall slip and extrudate distortion of three polymer melts

The traditional technique for the experimental characterization of the shear stress relaxation modulus by applying a step shear strain was investigated using flow visualization. A high-speed camera was employed in conjunction with cone-and-plate and parallel-disk fixtures of a Rheometric Scientific Advanced Rheometric Expansion System rheometer. In the nonlinear region the true shear strain imposed on a polyethylene melt deviates considerably from the targeted strain. The main source of the deviation is the wall slip of the polymer melt. The presence of wall slip reduces significantly the range of strains for which the strain-dependent relaxation modulus can be determined for the linear polyethylene melt. Errors associated with the control of the motion of the tool which introduces the shear strain are also documented.

Halil Gevgilili

Papers

Wall slip and extrudate distortion of three polymer melts

Step strain flow: Wall slip effects and other error sources

Biomass pretreatment strategies via control of rheological behavior of biomass suspensions and reactive twin screw extrusion processing

Shell-core bi-layered scaffolds for engineering of vascularized osteon-like structures.

Evaluation of the treatment of chromite ore processing residue by ferrous sulfate and asphalt.