Environmental enrichment in fish aquaculture: A review of fundamental and practical aspects

The improvements in marine technological developments propagate urbanization in the ocean environment. The construction or operational activities of marine structures such as energy plants, oil platforms, pipe-lines, sea-tunnel passages, or cable-stayed suspension bridges, and vessel traffic are sources of underwater noise pollution. How underwater sounds such as piling, pole drilling, or machinery noises may affect the marine live is mostly ignored in marine construction, and there is lack of information regarding underwater sound effects on marine live in the oceans. Recently, a remarkable interest is developing concerning underwater sound effects, especially in aquaculture facilities, with experimentation of musical stimuli or various noises caused by pumps or filter systems on behavior and stress responses of fish in culture conditions. With the increase of urbanization and progressive development of marine industries, more and more pressure from human-generated (anthropogenic) underwater sound pollution may threaten marine mammals, fish species and invertebrates from underwater noises that in terms might be called as “Underwater Noise Pollution”. The future of marine life and that of human being, and the dramatic increase of underwater sound pollution is a new debate that needs to be controlled in a sustainable way with environment-sound approaches. Therefore the potential effects of various sound sources derived from marine industrial activities have been reviewed in this study.

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Acoustic noise pollution from marine industrial activities: exposure and impacts

A nutrition trial was carried out to investigate the effects of inclusion of Ulva meal at different dietary lipid levels on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. In this study, gilthead seabream with an average weight of 8.5±0.01 g were fed experimental diets for 7 weeks. The Eight isonitrogenous diets (crude protein 50%) were designed to provide 13% (13), 16% (16), 19% (19) and 22% (22) crude lipid with or without 4% inclusion of Ulva meal (13U, 16U, 19U and 22U). Final mean weight and specific growth rate (SGR) of gilthead seabream fed 22L-U were higher than that of 13L and 13L-U groups. The mean feed conversion ratio varied from 0.92 (22LU) and 1.33 (13L and 13L-U). The present study shows that dietary low level (4%) Ulva meal at all dietary lipid levels could be used in juvenile gilthead seabream without causing any adverse effects on growth and feed utilization.

/pdf/effects-of-ulva-meal-on-growth-performance-of-gilthead-pzpkeamb45.pdf

Effects of Ulva Meal on Growth Performance of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) at Different Levels of Dietary Lipid

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the effects of supplemented amino acids (lysine and methionine) with different dietary protein levels on growth, haematology and liver histology in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) at two different sizes: fingerling (15.2 g) and juvenile (44.4 g). Six practical diets were prepared, and three of these practical diets were formulated with 40 (P40), 44 (P44) and 48% (P48) crude protein without supplementation of amino acids. Other three diets having same protein levels were supplemented with lysine and methionine (P40AA, P44AA and P48AA) to bring these amino acids level up to that estimated to be at the least in the 48% protein diet. Final mean weight (FMW) and specific growth rate (SGR) of P48AA in fingerlings were higher than that of 40AA. According to FMW and SGR of juveniles, there was interaction found between dietary protein levels and the supplementation of amino acids. The FMW and SGR of meagre fed P44AA were higher than that of fish fed the other diets, except fish fed the P48. Economic profit index, packed cell volume and haemoglobin for juvenile meagre were significantly improved with the dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation. The liver tissues of the P48 group in both sizes displayed better structure compared with the other groups. In conclusion, dietary crude protein content of practical diets for juvenile meagre could be reduced from 48% to 44% by adding essential amino acids with an enhancement in growth, health and economic profit.

The effects of dietary protein levels with amino acid supplementation on the growth performance, haematological profile and histology of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) in two different size classes

Identification methodology of special behaviors for fish school based on spatial behavior characteristics

Human-made impacts on the acoustic environment from marine industries is becoming a more significant issue with increasing public concern of environmental consequences Even though there are several reports with scientific evidences on harmful influences of anthropogenic underwater sounds on the aquatic ecosystem, most of the studies so far dealt with trigger effects of short term noise impacts on aquatic animals In the present study, however, long-term experimentation was conducted with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in order to figure out how fish may respond to long-term exposure of underwater sounds and if the level of response may change (increase or decline) over time A startle reflex as a sign of stress was seen immediately at the start of the playbacks of ship noise or urban sounds in this study Peaks of elevated respiratory movements of ventilation (opercula beats and pectoral wing rates) retained high over the following 30 days of sound initiation and underwent a declining trend over the following 90 days of exposure At the end of the 120-day study period, the lowered response of fish after long-term sound exposure is likely due to the increased tolerance of fish to human-generated underwater sounds of urban and shipping noises Different than short-term noise impacts, information on long-term exposure of anthropogenic underwater sounds is important for environmental management and setting new regulations for the sustainable use of water resources in the world

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-020-09699-9.pdf

Acoustic sound–induced stress response of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) to long-term underwater sound transmissions of urban and shipping noises

1 Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Schools of Applied Sciences at Canakkale, Department of Fisheries, Canakkale Turkey. 2 Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Department of Aquaculture, Canakkale Turkey. 3 Yalova University, Armutlu Vocational School, Food Processing Deartment, Yalova Turkey. 4 Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Department of Marine Technology Engineering, Canakkale Turkey.

Impacts of Urban Noise and Musical Stimuli on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Koi fish ( Cyprinus carpio ) in Recirculating Water Conditions

Acoustic effects of underwater drilling and piling noise on growth and physiological response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Summary

A feeding trial was carried out to determine the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth performance and feed utilization of wild-caught striped sea bream (Lithognathus mormyrus). The experimental fish were collected from a local lagoon (Cardak Lagoon, Canakkale, Turkey), transferred to the Marine Net Cage Unit and fed by hand to apparent satiation with a commercial sea bream feed (Biomar; 42% crude protein, 16% crude lipid). Approximately 4 weeks were needed to acclimate the fish to farming conditions. No pathological signs were observed and no fish losses occurred during the adaptation period. For the test trials four test diets with different levels of protein and lipid were formulated [low protein and low lipid (LP:LL), low protein and high lipid (LP:HL), high protein and low lipid (HP:LL), and high protein and high lipid (HP:HL)] and fed to L. mormyrus (mean weight 85.0 ± 4.6 g SEM) in the net cages (O 2 m, depth 2.5 m) for 60 days. During the experiment water temperature varied between 21.1 and 26.4°C; dissolved oxygen 8.4–9.6 mg L−1; pH 7.2–8.6; and salinity 23.3–25.6‰. Growth performances of fish fed high protein diets were higher compared to fish fed low protein diets, irrespective of the dietary lipid level (P   0.05). Preliminary results indicate that striped sea bream can be easily adapted to farming conditions in net cages, and that a diet containing 50% crude protein and 15% crude lipid (HP:LL) levels with 23.0 g protein MJ−1 gross energy of protein/energy ratio would be suitable for striped sea bream growth.

Halit Kusku

Papers

Acoustic noise pollution from marine industrial activities: exposure and impacts

Acoustic sound–induced stress response of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) to long-term underwater sound transmissions of urban and shipping noises

Impacts of Urban Noise and Musical Stimuli on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Koi fish ( Cyprinus carpio ) in Recirculating Water Conditions

Acoustic effects of underwater drilling and piling noise on growth and physiological response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and feed utilization of wild-caught striped sea bream, Lithognathus mormyrus