This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

Review of Charged Particle Dynamics. Beam Optics and Focusing Systems Without Space Charge. Linear Beam Optics with Space Charge. Self-Consistent Theory of Beams. Emittance Variation. Beam Physics Research from 1993 to 2007. Appendices. List of Frequently Used Symbols. Bibliography. Index.

Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams

Atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasma jets (APNP-Js), which generate plasma in open space rather than in a confined discharge gap, have recently been a topic of great interest. In this paper, the development of APNP-Js will be reviewed. Firstly, the APNP-Js are grouped based on the type of gas used to ignite them and their characteristics are discussed in detail. Secondly, one of the most interesting phenomena of APNP-Js, the ?plasma bullet?, is discussed and its behavior described. Thirdly, the very recent developments on the behavior of plasma jets when launched in a controlled environment and pressure are also introduced. This is followed by a discussion on the interaction between plasma jets. Finally, perspectives on APNP-J research are presented.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0963-0252/21/3/034005/pdf

On atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium plasma jets and plasma bullets

In this paper, we describe the principles of operation of a plasma display panel (PDP) and the physical mechanisms controlling the performances of a PDP in terms of light emission efficiency, lifetime and image quality Emphasis is put on the physics of the plasma occurring in a PDP cell, on the discharge optimization, and on the analysis of recent results provided by experimental and numerical diagnostic tools We focus on alternative current PDPs, where the plasma is generated by a dielectric barrier discharge, the configuration adopted by most PDP companies The recent improvements and the remaining research issues are discussed

http://plasmapanel.grid.umich.edu/articles/0022-3727_36_6_201.pdf

Plasma display panels: physics, recent developments and key issues

Nonthermal plasma--A tool for decontamination and disinfection.

Plasma medicine is an upcoming research area that has attracted the scientists to explore more deeply the utility of plasma. So, apart from the treating biomaterials and tissues with plasma, we have studied the effect of soft plasma with different feeding gases such as Air, N2 and Ar on modification of biomolecules. Hence, in this work we have used the soft plasma on biomolecules such as proteins ((Hemoglobin (Hb) and Myoglobin (Mb)), calf thymus DNA and amino acids. The structural changes or structural modification of proteins and DNA have been studied using circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy, protein oxidation test, gel electrophoresis, UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and 1D NMR, while Liquid Chromatograph/Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometer (LC/CE-MS) based on qualitative and quantitative bio-analysis have been used to study the modification of amino acids. Further, the thermal analysis of the protein has been studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and CD. Additionally, we have performed docking studies of H2O2 with Hb and Mb, which reveals that H2O2 molecules preferably attack the amino acids near heme group. We have also shown that N2 gas plasma has strong deformation action on biomolecules and compared to other gases plasma.

/pdf/influence-of-reactive-species-on-the-modification-of-25wck3c8iz.pdf

Influence of reactive species on the modification of biomolecules generated from the soft plasma

Atmospheric-plasma generation inside a glass tube is influenced by gas stream behavior as described by the Reynolds number (Rn). In experiments with He, Ne, and Ar, the plasma column length increases with an increase in the gas flow rate under laminar flow characterized by Rn   4000, the length of the plasma column is short in front of the electrode, eventually leading to a shutdown.

Influence of the gas-flow Reynolds number on a plasma column in a glass tube

A pure carbon dioxide torch is generated by making use of 2.45 GHz microwave. Carbon dioxide gas becomes the working gas and produces a stable carbon dioxide torch. The torch volume is almost linearly proportional to the microwave power. Temperature of the torch flame is measured by making use of optical spectroscopy and thermocouple. Two distinctive regions are exhibited, a bright, whitish region of high-temperature zone and a bluish, dimmer region of relatively low-temperature zone. Study of carbon dioxide disintegration and gas temperature effects on the molecular fraction characteristics in the carbon dioxide plasma of a microwave plasma torch under atmospheric pressure is carried out. An analytical investigation of carbon dioxide disintegration indicates that substantial fraction of carbon dioxide molecules disintegrate and form other compounds in the torch. For example, the normalized particle densities at center of plasma are given by nCO2/nN = 6.12 × 10(-3), nCO/nN = 0.13, nC/nN = 0.24, nO/nN = 0.61, nC2/nN = 8.32 × 10(-7), nO2/nN = 5.39 × 10(-5), where nCO2, nCO, nC, nO, nC2, and nO2 are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon and oxygen atom, carbon and oxygen molecule densities, respectively. nN is the neutral particle density. Emission profiles of the oxygen and carbon atom radicals and the carbon monoxide molecules confirm the theoretical predictions of carbon dioxide disintegration in the torch.

/pdf/disintegration-of-carbon-dioxide-molecules-in-a-microwave-4ibbaxdumd.pdf

Disintegration of Carbon Dioxide Molecules in a Microwave Plasma Torch.

A measurement of the secondary electron-emission coefficient γ from MgO film in a plasma display panel is carried out. The influence of the secondary electron emission on the breakdown voltage in microdischarges on the plasma display panel is investigated by making use of the Townsend sparking criterion. Experimental data agree well with theoretical results, verifying the previous theoretical model.

Influence of secondary electron emission on breakdown voltage in a plasma display panel

Striations observed in a coplanar or a wedge-shaped planar ac-type discharges are reported in this article. The observed data indicate that the striations are related to ion charge waves of the wall generated by the self-sustained perturbations that originate from the force balance between the ion and the electron wall-charge clouds accumulated on the dielectric layers over the metal electrodes.

Han S. Uhm

Papers

Influence of reactive species on the modification of biomolecules generated from the soft plasma

Influence of the gas-flow Reynolds number on a plasma column in a glass tube

Disintegration of Carbon Dioxide Molecules in a Microwave Plasma Torch.

Influence of secondary electron emission on breakdown voltage in a plasma display panel

Striations in a coplanar ac-plasma display panel