https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/685594/file/1130605.pdf

Review of Particle Physics

The stopping and range of ions in matter is physically very complex, and there are few simple approximations which are accurate. However, if modern calculations are performed, the ion distributions can be calculated with good accuracy, typically better than 10%. This review will be in several sections: 

a)

A brief exposition of what can be determined by modern calculations.




b)

A review of existing widely-cited tables of ion stopping and ranges.




c)

A review of the calculation of accurate ion stopping powers.

The stopping and range of ions in solids

Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and manipulation of spin degrees of freedom in solid-state systems. This article reviews the current status of this subject, including both recent advances and well-established results. The primary focus is on the basic physical principles underlying the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and spin-polarized transport in semiconductors and metals. Spin transport differs from charge transport in that spin is a nonconserved quantity in solids due to spin-orbit and hyperfine coupling. The authors discuss in detail spin decoherence mechanisms in metals and semiconductors. Various theories of spin injection and spin-polarized transport are applied to hybrid structures relevant to spin-based devices and fundamental studies of materials properties. Experimental work is reviewed with the emphasis on projected applications, in which external electric and magnetic fields and illumination by light will be used to control spin and charge dynamics to create new functionalities not feasible or ineffective with conventional electronics.

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Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications

The desire to use and control photons in a manner analogous to the control of electrons in solids has inspired great interest in such topics as the localization of light, microcavity quantum electrodynamics and near-field optics1,2,3,4,5,6. A fundamental constraint in manipulating light is the extremely low transmittivity of apertures smaller than the wavelength of the incident photon. While exploring the optical properties of submicrometre cylindrical cavities in metallic films, we have found that arrays of such holes display highly unusual zero-order transmission spectra (where the incident and detected light are collinear) at wavelengths larger than the array period, beyond which no diffraction occurs. In particular, sharp peaks in transmission are observed at wavelengths as large as ten times the diameter of the cylinders. At these maxima the transmission efficiency can exceed unity (when normalized to the area of the holes), which is orders of magnitude greater than predicted by standard aperture theory. Our experiments provide evidence that these unusual optical properties are due to the coupling of light with plasmons — electronic excitations — on the surface of the periodically patterned metal film. Measurements of transmission as a function of the incident light angle result in a photonic band diagram. These findings may find application in novel photonic devices.

Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays

Fundamentals of Plasmonics.- Electromagnetics of Metals.- Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Metal / Insulator Interfaces.- Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Planar Interfaces.- Imaging Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation.- Localized Surface Plasmons.- Electromagnetic Surface Modes at Low Frequencies.- Applications.- Plasmon Waveguides.- Transmission of Radiation Through Apertures and Films.- Enhancement of Emissive Processes and Nonlinearities.- Spectroscopy and Sensing.- Metamaterials and Imaging with Surface Plasmon Polaritons.- Concluding Remarks.

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Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications

One of the simplest, and most completely treated, fields of application of quantum mechanics is the theory of atoms with one or two electrons For hydrogen and the analcgous ions He+, Li++, etc, the calculations can be performed exactly, both in Schrodinger’s nonrelativistic wave mechanics and in Dirac’s relativistic theory of the electron More specifically, the calculations are exact for a single electron in a fixed Coulomb potential Hydrogen-like atoms thus furnish an excellent way of testing the validity of quantum mechanics For such atoms the correction terms due to the motion and structure of atomic nuclei and due to quantum electrodynamic effects are small and can be calculated with high accuracy Since the energy levels of hydrogen and similar atoms can be investigated experimentally to an astounding degree of accuracy, some accurate tests of the validity of quantum electrodynamics are also possible Finally, the theory of such atoms in an external electric or magnetic field has also been developed in detail and compared with experiment

Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron Atoms

Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie

Es wird eine Methode angegeben, um die Eigenfunktionen nullter und Eigenwerte erster Naherung (im Sinne des Approximationsverfahrens von London und Heitler) fur ein „eindimensionales Metall“ zu berechnen, bestehend aus einer linearen Kette von sehr vielen Atomen, von denen jedes auser abgeschlossenen Schalen eins-Elektron mit Spin besitzt. Neben den „Spinwellen“ von Bloch treten Eigenfunktionen auf, bei denen die nach einer Richtung weisenden Spins moglichst an dicht benachbarten Atomen zu sitzen suchen; diese durften fur die Theorie des Ferromagnetismus von Wichtigkeit sein.

Zur Theorie der Metalle

The diffraction of electromagnetic radiation by a hole small compared with the wave-length is treated theoretically. A complete solution is found satisfying Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions everywhere (Section 4). The solution holds for a circular hole in a perfectly conducting plane screen, but it is believed that the method will be applicable to much more general problems (Section 8). The method is based on the use of fictitious magnetic charges and currents in the diffracting hole which has the advantage of automatically satisfying the boundary conditions on the conducting screen. The charges and currents are adjusted so as to give the correct tangential magnetic, and normal electric, field in the hole. The result (Section 5) is completely different from that of Kirchhoff's method, giving for the diffracted electric and magnetic field values which are smaller in the ratio (radius of the hole/wave-length) (Section 6). The diffracted field can be considered as caused by a magnetic moment in the plane of the hole, and an electric moment perpendicular to it (Section 6). The theory is applied to the problem of mutual excitation of cavities coupled by small holes (Section 9). This leads to equations very similar to those for ordinary coupled circuits. The phase and amplitude relations of two coupled cavities are not uniquely determined, but there are two modes of oscillation, of slightly different frequency, for which these relations are opposite (Section 10). The problem of stepping up the excitation from one cavity to another is treated (Section 11).

Theory of Diffraction by Small Holes

The relativistic $S$-matrix formalism of Feynman is applied to the bound-state problem for two interacting Fermi-Dirac particles. The bound state is described by a wave function depending on separate times for each of the two particles. Two alternative integral equations for this wave function are derived with kernels in the form of an expansion in powers of ${g}^{2}$, the dimensionless coupling constant for the interaction. Each term in these expansions gives Lorentz-invariant equations. The validity and physical significance of these equations is discussed. In extreme nonrelativistic approximation and to lowest order in ${g}^{2}$ they reduce to the appropriate Schr\"odinger equation.One of these integral equations is applied to the deuteron ground state using scalar mesons of mass $\ensuremath{\mu}$ with scalar coupling. For neutral mesons the Lorentz-invariant interaction is transformed into the sum of the instantaneous Yukawa interaction and a retarded correction term. The value obtained for ${g}^{2}$ differs only by a fraction proportional to ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{M})}^{2}$ from that obtained by using a phenomenological Yukawa potential. For a purely charged meson theory a correction term is obtained by a direct solution of the relativistic integral equation using only the first term in the expansion of the kernel. This correction is due to the fact that a nucleon can emit, or absorb, positive and negative mesons only alternately. The constant ${g}^{2}$ is increased by a fraction of $1.1(\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{M})$ or 15 percent.

Hans A. Bethe

Papers

Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron Atoms

Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie

Zur Theorie der Metalle

Theory of Diffraction by Small Holes

A Relativistic equation for bound state problems