Abstract A two-dimensional version of the Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model has been applied to Winter Monsoon Experiment data in order to simulate the diurnally occurring convection observed over the South China Sea. The domain includes a representation of part of Borneo as well as the sea so that the model can simulate the initiation of convection. Also included in the model are parameterizations of mesoscale ice phase and moisture processes and longwave and shortwave radiation with a diurnal cycle. This allows use of the model to test the relative importance of various heating mechanisms to the stratiform cloud deck, which typically occupies several hundred kilometers of the domain. Frank and Cohen's cumulus parameterization scheme is employed to represent vital unresolved vertical transports in the convective area. The major conclusions are: Ice phase processes are important in determining the level of maximum large-scale heating and vertical motion because there is a strong anvil componen...

Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model [presentation]

ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding : State-of-the art and future directions

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Interferometry And Synthesis In Radio Astronomy

A review of data assimilation of remote sensing and crop models

Over the last several decades, remote sensing has emerged as an effective tool to monitor irrigated lands over a variety of climatic conditions and locations. The objective of this review, which summarizes the methods and the results of existing remote sensing studies, is to synthesize principle findings and assess the state of the art. We take a taxonomic approach to group studies based on location, scale, inputs, and methods, in an effort to categorize different approaches within a logical framework. We seek to evaluate the ability of remote sensing to provide synoptic and timely coverage of irrigated lands in several spectral regions. We also investigate the value of archived data that enable comparison of images through time. This overview of the studies to date indicates that remote sensing-based monitoring of irrigation is at an intermediate stage of development at local scales. For instance, there is overwhelming consensus on the efficacy of vegetation indices in identifying irrigated fields. Also, single date imagery, acquired at peak growing season, may suffice to identify irrigated lands, although to multi-date image data are necessary for improved classification and to distinguish different crop types. At local scales, the mapping of irrigated lands with remote sensing is also strongly affected by the timing of image acquisition and the number of images used. At the regional and global scales, on the other hand, remote sensing has not been fully operational, as methods that work in one place and time are not necessarily transferable to other locations and periods. Thus, at larger scales, more work is required to indentify the best spectral indices, best time periods, and best classification methods under different climatological and cultural environments. Existing studies at regional scales also establish the fact that both remote sensing and national statistical approaches require further refinement with a substantial investment of time and resources for ground-truthing. An additional challenge in mapping irrigation across large areas occurs in fragmented landscapes with small irrigated and cultivated fields, where the spatial scale of observations is pitted against the need for high frequency temporal acquisitions. Finally, this review identifies passive and active microwave observations, advanced image classification methods, and data fusion including optical and radar sensors or with information from sources with multiple spatial and temporal characteristics as key areas where additional research is needed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/2/9/2274/pdf

Remote sensing of irrigated agriculture: Opportunities and challenges

Rice monitoring and production estimation using multitemporal RADARSAT

The Geostationary Interferometric Microwave Sounder (GIMS) is a new concept of atmospheric microwave sounder for China's future geostationary Earth orbit meteorological satellite (FY-4). It is a microwave interferometric radiometer (MIR) using aperture synthesis and working in rotating time-sharing mode with a circular antenna array. A GIMS proof-of-concept demonstrator operating in the temperature sounding bands of 50-56 GHz has been successfully developed. The instrument uses a circular array with 28 elements (including one in the center of the array). It is capable of imaging a scene with an angular resolution of about 0.08. and a radiometric resolution of less than 1 K with 5-m integration time within a 5. field of view (FOV). Some theoretical aspects of the imaging characteristics of GIMS are discussed, such as the alias-free FOV, angular resolution, radiometric resolution, and imaging algorithm. Some early tests and preliminary imaging experiments of the GIMS demonstrator are also presented.

Imaging Analysis and First Results of the Geostationary Interferometric Microwave Sounder Demonstrator

Earth observation satellites play a critical role in providing information for understanding the global water cycle, which dominates the Earth-climate system However, limitations in observations will restrict our current ability to reduce the uncertainties in the information used to make decisions regarding to water use and management Under the support of “Strategic Priority Research Program for Space Sciences” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a new satellite concept of global Water Cycle Observation Mission (WCOM) is proposed, aiming to provide higher accuracy and consistent measurements of key elements of water cycle from space, including soil moisture, ocean salinity, freeze-thaw, snow water equivalent and etc The expected more consistent and accurate datasets would be used to refine existing long-time series of satellite measurements, to constrain hydrological model projections and to detect the trends necessary for global change studies

WCOM: The science scenario and objectives of a global water cycle observation mission

The concept of Geostationary Interferometric Microwave Sounder (GIMS) has been proposed based on the rotating circular thinned array, aiming for China's next generation geostationary meteorological satellite (FY-4M). The spaceborne system design has been investigated. The tradeoff analysis between the system performance and system complexity has been studied. A full-scale ground-based 50∼56GHz GIMS demonstrator with 28 elements has been defined and developed. Preliminary test results of the demonstrator will also be presented in this paper.

The Geostationary Interferometric Microwave Sounder (GIMS): Instrument overview and recent progress

For geological and environmental research in an arid area, a unique advantage of radar remote sensing is that radar wave can penetrate a certain layer of dry sand (a few centimeters to meters thick) to reach the buried bedrock. The penetration capability is able to reveal the subsurface geological structure and old drainage paths. Based on the analysis of SIR-A, SIR-B, SIR-C, Radarsat ScanSAR, Landsat MSS and Landsat TM images acquired on different dates and the investigations made in several field trips in Alxa Plateau of Inner Mongolia, a number of old river valley and lake basins buried by wind-blown sand were recognized. Two parallel old drainage systems in the north and middle of the study area are delineated. The study suggests that the moving sand belts mainly follow the old drainage courses. This study also establishes a preliminary drainage evolution model for an area of about 300 000 km2 since the Tertiary, and finds that the Alxa Plateau was once an area with many rivers and lakes with a warm and humid climate. The relief reversion caused by neotectonic movement since “Qinghai-Tibet movement” is also analyzed.

Hao Liu

Papers

Rice monitoring and production estimation using multitemporal RADARSAT

Imaging Analysis and First Results of the Geostationary Interferometric Microwave Sounder Demonstrator

WCOM: The science scenario and objectives of a global water cycle observation mission

The Geostationary Interferometric Microwave Sounder (GIMS): Instrument overview and recent progress

Subsurface old drainage detection and paleoenvironment analysis using spaceborne radar images in Alxa Plateau