Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in ...

Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine.

2. Essential Components: Earlier Developments 5449 2.1. Activated alkenes/alkynes 5450 2.1.1. Acyclic activated alkenes/ alkynes 5450 2.1.2. Cyclic activated alkenes 5451 2.2. Electrophiles 5451 2.3. Catalysts 5452 3. Essential Components: Recent Developments 5452 3.1. Activated Alkenes/Alkynes 5452 3.2. Electrophiles 5460 3.3. Catalysts 5477 4. Asymmetric Baylis-Hillman Reaction: Earlier Developments 5495

Recent contributions from the Baylis-Hillman reaction to organic chemistry.

Multicomponent reactions in unconventional solvents: state of the art

Multicomponent reactions have gained significant importance as a tool for the synthesis of a wide variety of useful compounds, including pharmaceuticals. In this context, the multiple component approach is especially appealing in view of the fact that products are formed in a single step, and the diversity can be readily achieved simply by varying the reacting components. The eco-friendly, solvent-free multicomponent approach opens up numerous possibilities for conducting rapid organic synthesis and functional group transformations more efficiently. Additionally, there are distinct advantages of these solvent-free protocols since they provide reduction or elimination of solvents thereby preventing pollution in organic synthesis “at source”. The chemo-, regio- or stereoselective synthesis of high-value chemical entities and parallel synthesis to generate a library of small molecules will add to the growth of multicomponent solvent-free reactions in the near future. In this review we summarized the results reported mainly within the last 10 years. It is quite clear from the growing number of emerging publications in this field that the possibility to utilize multicomponent technology allows reaction conditions to be accessed that are very valuable for organic synthesis. Therefore, diversity oriented synthesis (DOS) is rapidly becoming one of the paradigms in the process of modern drug discovery. This has spurred research in those fields of chemical investigation that lead to the rapid assembly of not only molecular diversity, but also molecular complexity. As a consequence multi-component as well as domino or related reactions are witnessing a new spring.

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Recent developments in solvent-free multicomponent reactions: a perfect synergy for eco-compatible organic synthesis

Abstract A heterogeneous magnesium oxide catalyst is a good alternative for homogeneous catalysts for the transesterification of alkyl esters for the production of fine-chemicals as well as for the production of biodiesel. The transesterification of ethyl acetate with methanol was used as a model reaction to simulate fine-chemical production in a batch slurry reactor at industrial conditions. The transesterification of triolein with methanol to methyl oleate was chosen to simulate continuous production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil. A kinetic model based on a three-step ‘Eley–Rideal’ type of mechanism in the liquid phase was used in both process simulations. The transesterification reaction occurs between methanol adsorbed on a magnesium oxide free basic site and ethyl acetate or the glyceride from the liquid phase. Methanol adsorption is assumed to be rate-determining in both processes. Activity coefficients were required to account for the significant non-ideality of the reaction mixture in the simulations of both processes. The simulations indicate that a production of 500 tonnes methyl acetate per year can be reached at ambient temperature in a batch reactor of 10 m 3 containing 5 kg of MgO catalyst, and that a continuous production of 100,000 tonnes of biodiesel per year can be achieved at 323 K in a continuous stirred reactor of 25 m 3 containing 5700 kg of MgO catalyst. Although various assumptions and simplifications were made in these explorative simulations the assumptions concerning the reaction kinetics used, the results indicate that for both processes a heterogeneous magnesium oxide catalyst shows promising potential as a viable industrial scale alternative.

Heterogeneously MgO-catalyzed transesterification for fine-chemical and biodiesel industrial production

An efficient procedure for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives using TiCl4 as catalyst under solvent-free conditions

An easy and efficient one-pot, three-component method for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole derivatives, via the reaction of aldehydes, hydroxylamine, and [bmim]N3, is reported.

Click Synthesis of 5-Substituted 1H-Tetrazoles from Aldehydes, Hydroxyl­amine, and [bmim]N3 via One-Pot, Three-Component Reaction

One-Pot Wittig and Knoevenagel Reactions in Ionic Liquid as Convenient Methods for the Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives

Microwave assisted synthesis of coumarins via potassium carbonate catalyzed knoevenagel condensation in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid

An efficient synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins under solventless system is described.

Hassan Valizadeh

Papers

An efficient procedure for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives using TiCl4 as catalyst under solvent-free conditions

Click Synthesis of 5-Substituted 1H-Tetrazoles from Aldehydes, Hydroxylamine, and [bmim]N3 via One-Pot, Three-Component Reaction

One-Pot Wittig and Knoevenagel Reactions in Ionic Liquid as Convenient Methods for the Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives

Microwave assisted synthesis of coumarins via potassium carbonate catalyzed knoevenagel condensation in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid

Solvent Free Synthesis of Coumarins

Hassan Valizadeh

Papers

An efficient procedure for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives using TiCl4 as catalyst under solvent-free conditions

Click Synthesis of 5-Substituted 1H-Tetrazoles from Aldehydes, Hydroxyl­amine, and [bmim]N3 via One-Pot, Three-Component Reaction

One-Pot Wittig and Knoevenagel Reactions in Ionic Liquid as Convenient Methods for the Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives

Microwave assisted synthesis of coumarins via potassium carbonate catalyzed knoevenagel condensation in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid

Solvent Free Synthesis of Coumarins

Click Synthesis of 5-Substituted 1H-Tetrazoles from Aldehydes, Hydroxylamine, and [bmim]N3 via One-Pot, Three-Component Reaction