Three parallel algorithms for classical molecular dynamics are presented. The first assigns each processor a fixed subset of atoms; the second assigns each a fixed subset of inter-atomic forces to compute; the third assigns each a fixed spatial region. The algorithms are suitable for molecular dynamics models which can be difficult to parallelize efficiently—those with short-range forces where the neighbors of each atom change rapidly. They can be implemented on any distributed-memory parallel machine which allows for message-passing of data between independently executing processors. The algorithms are tested on a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark problem for system sizes ranging from 500 to 100,000,000 atoms on several parallel supercomputers--the nCUBE 2, Intel iPSC/860 and Paragon, and Cray T3D. Comparing the results to the fastest reported vectorized Cray Y-MP and C90 algorithm shows that the current generation of parallel machines is competitive with conventional vector supercomputers even for small problems. For large problems, the spatial algorithm achieves parallel efficiencies of 90% and a 1840-node Intel Paragon performs up to 165 faster than a single Cray C9O processor. Trade-offs between the three algorithms and guidelines for adapting them to more complex molecular dynamics simulations are also discussed.

Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics

Mechanical alloying (MA) is a solid-state powder processng technique involving repeated welding, fracturing, and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill. Originally developed to produce oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) nickel- and iron-base superalloys for applications in the aerospace industry, MA has now been shown to be capable of synthesizing a variety of equilibrium and non-equilibrium alloy phases starting from blended elemental or prealloyed powders. The non-equilibrium phases synthesized include supersaturated solid solutions, metastable crystalline and quasicrystalline phases, nanostructures, and amorphous alloys. Recent advances in these areas and also on disordering of ordered intermetallics and mechanochemical synthesis of materials have been critically reviewed after discussing the process and process variables involved in MA. The often vexing problem of powder contamination has been analyzed and methods have been suggested to avoid/minimize it. The present understanding of the modeling of the MA process has also been discussed. The present and potential applications of MA are described. Wherever possible, comparisons have been made on the product phases obtained by MA with those of rapid solidification processing, another non-equilibrium processing technique.

Mechanical Alloying And Milling

Nanocrystalline metals--with grain sizes of less than 100 nm--have strengths exceeding those of coarse-grained and even alloyed metals, and are thus expected to have many applications. For example, pure nanocrystalline Cu (refs 1-7) has a yield strength in excess of 400 MPa, which is six times higher than that of coarse-grained Cu. But nanocrystalline materials often exhibit low tensile ductility at room temperature, which limits their practical utility. The elongation to failure is typically less than a few per cent; the regime of uniform deformation is even smaller. Here we describe a thermomechanical treatment of Cu that results in a bimodal grain size distribution, with micrometre-sized grains embedded inside a matrix of nanocrystalline and ultrafine (<300 nm) grains. The matrix grains impart high strength, as expected from an extrapolation of the Hall-Petch relationship. Meanwhile, the inhomogeneous microstructure induces strain hardening mechanisms that stabilize the tensile deformation, leading to a high tensile ductility--65% elongation to failure, and 30% uniform elongation. We expect that these results will have implications in the development of tough nanostructured metals for forming operations and high-performance structural applications including microelectromechanical and biomedical systems.

/pdf/high-tensile-ductility-in-a-nanostructured-metal-siwm61h9tg.pdf

High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal.

The isolation of graphene in 2004 from graphite was a defining moment for the “birth” of a field: two-dimensional (2D) materials In recent years, there has been a rapidly increasing number of papers focusing on non-graphene layered materials, including transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), because of the new properties and applications that emerge upon 2D confinement Here, we review significant recent advances and important new developments in 2D materials “beyond graphene” We provide insight into the theoretical modeling and understanding of the van der Waals (vdW) forces that hold together the 2D layers in bulk solids, as well as their excitonic properties and growth morphologies Additionally, we highlight recent breakthroughs in TMD synthesis and characterization and discuss the newest families of 2D materials, including monoelement 2D materials (ie, silicene, phosphorene, etc) and transition metal carbide- and carbon nitride-based MXenes We then discuss the doping and functionalization of 2

Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Materials beyond Graphene

Interpretation of X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns . By H. Lipson and H. Steeple. Pp. viii + 335 + 3 plates. (Mac-millan: London; St Martins Press: New York, May 1970.) £4.

X-Ray Diffraction

A copper/aluminum/copper sandwich clad sheet was fabricated by means of cold rolling process and heat treated with different temperature and time. The Al/Cu interface and its bond strength were investigated by SEM, TEM and peeling test. The results reveal that low temperature heat treatment can improve the morphology of Al/Cu interface and increase its bond strength. However high temperature and long time result in the formation of Al2Cu intermetallic compound layer, which is detrimental to the bond strength, and moreover, small Al2O3 particles precipitate along the Al2Cu and Al interface. When the interlayer along Al/Cu interface grows to a certain thickness, the effect of heat treatment temperature and time become weak. For the present study, the reasonable heat treatment may be 423 K and 20 h.

Influence of heat treatment on interface of Cu/Al bimetal composite fabricated by cold rolling

The elastic constants of lonsdaleite C, Si and Ge are calculated by using the plane-wave pseudopotential method in the scheme of density functional theory and the local density approximation. For comparison, the elastic constants of the cubic diamond phases of these elements, zincblende SiC and 6H-SiC, are also calculated.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-8984/15/30/312/pdf

Ab initio elastic constants for the lonsdaleite phases of C, Si and Ge

A metastable phase with the point group symmetry m35 but no ordinary translation symmetry has been found in rapidly quenched (Ti 1−xVx)2Ni alloys with × = 00-0-3 by electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy.

Hengqiang Ye

Papers

Influence of heat treatment on interface of Cu/Al bimetal composite fabricated by cold rolling

Ab initio elastic constants for the lonsdaleite phases of C, Si and Ge

A new icosahedral phase with m35 symmetry

Deformation structures in ball milled copper

Allotropic transformation of cobalt induced by ball milling