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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

NMR spectroscopy in the structural elucidation of oligosaccharides and glycosides.

Microbial α-amylases: a biotechnological perspective

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is widely exploited by the fermentation industry for the production of enzymes and organic acids, particularly citric acid. We sequenced the 33.9-megabase genome of A. niger CBS 513.88, the ancestor of currently used enzyme production strains. A high level of synteny was observed with other aspergilli sequenced. Strong function predictions were made for 6,506 of the 14,165 open reading frames identified. A detailed description of the components of the protein secretion pathway was made and striking differences in the hydrolytic enzyme spectra of aspergilli were observed. A reconstructed metabolic network comprising 1,069 unique reactions illustrates the versatile metabolism of A. niger. Noteworthy is the large number of major facilitator superfamily transporters and fungal zinc binuclear cluster transcription factors, and the presence of putative gene clusters for fumonisin and ochratoxin A synthesis.

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Genome sequencing and analysis of the versatile cell factory Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88

Microbial production of organic acids: expanding the markets.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a compilation of 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data for oligosaccharides in the form of tables. The literature-survey presented in the chapter covers most of the data of 1982, and all of the information given had been measured for solutions in D 2 O unless stated otherwise. The data for peracetates of xylobioses and of glucobioses were recorded for solutions in CDCl 3 . All data have been copied from the original articles. For mutarotated mixtures of trisaccharides and larger oligosaccharides, the complete set of data is given for the α anomer, but only the chemical shifts for the reducing end of the anomer are given, provided that all other chemical shifts (for the remaining units) are identical. The sampling and assignment techniques used for the measurement of 13 C-NMR spectra of oligosaccharides are identical to those for monosaccharides. Particularly for oligosaccharides, it is important to measure the spectra at the same temperature—that is, with a precision better than ±0.5 p.p.m., when data are to be compared accurately.

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance data for oligosaccharides

The k-t broad-use linear acquisition speed-up technique (BLAST) has become widespread for reducing image acquisition time in dynamic MRI. In its basic form k-t BLAST speeds up the data acquisition by undersampling k-space over time (referred to as k-t space). The resulting aliasing is resolved in the Fourier reciprocal x-f space (x = spatial position, f = temporal frequency) using an adaptive filter derived from a low-resolution estimate of the signal covariance. However, this filtering process tends to increase the reconstruction error or lower the achievable acceleration factor. This is problematic in applications exhibiting a broad range of temporal frequencies such as free-breathing myocardial perfusion imaging. We show that temporal basis functions calculated by subjecting the training data to principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to constrain the reconstruction such that the temporal resolution is improved. The presented method is called k-t PCA.

k-t PCA: temporally constrained k-t BLAST reconstruction using principal component analysis.

The influence of the nitrogen source on the α-amylase productivity of Aspergillus oryzae was quantified in continuous cultivations. Both inorganic and complex nitrogen sources were investigated and glucose was used as the carbon and energy sources. For production of α-amylase, nitrate was shown to be inferior to ammonia as a nitrogen source. A mixture of ammonia and complex nitrogen sources, such as yeast extract or casein hydrolysate, was better than with ammonia as the sole nitrogen source. Even a low concentration of casein hydrolysate (0.05 g l−1) resulted in a 35% increase in the α-amylase productivity. The higher α-amylase productivity during growth on casein hydrolysate was not caused by increased transcription of the α-amylase genes but was caused by a faster secretion of α-amylase or by a lower binding of α-amylase to the biomass.

The influence of nitrogen sources on the α-amylase productivity of Aspergillus oryzae in continuous cultures

The Aspergillus niger strain BO-1 was grown in batch, continuous (chemostat) and fed-batch cultivations in order to study the production of the extracellular enzyme glucoamylase under different growth conditions. In the pH range 2.5-6.0, the specific glucoamylase productivity and the specific growth rate of the fungus were independent of pH when grown in batch cultivations. The specific glucoamylase productivity increased linearly with the specific growth rate in the range 0-0.1 h(-1) and was constant in the range 0.1-0.2 h(-1). Maltose and maltodextrin were non-inducing carbon sources compared to glucose, and the maximum specific growth rate was 0.19 +/- 0.02 h(-1) irrespective of whether glucose or maltose was the carbon source. In fed-batch cultivations, glucoamylase titres of up to 6.5 g l(-1) were obtained even though the strain contained only one copy of the glaA gene.

Henrik Pedersen

Papers

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance data for oligosaccharides

k-t PCA: temporally constrained k-t BLAST reconstruction using principal component analysis.

The influence of nitrogen sources on the α-amylase productivity of Aspergillus oryzae in continuous cultures

Glucoamylase production in batch, chemostat and fed-batch cultivations by an industrial strain of Aspergillus niger

Construction and Characterization of an Oxalic Acid Nonproducing Strain of Aspergillus niger