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BACKGROUND\nObesity in childhood is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. It is uncertain whether this risk is attenuated in persons who are overweight or obese as children but not obese as adults.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe analyzed data from four prospective cohort studies that measured childhood and adult body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters). The mean length of follow-up was 23 years. To define high adiposity status, international age-specific and sex-specific BMI cutoff points for overweight and obesity were used for children, and a BMI cutoff point of 30 was used for adults.\n\n\nRESULTS\nData were available for 6328 subjects. Subjects with consistently high adiposity status from childhood to adulthood, as compared with persons who had a normal BMI as children and were nonobese as adults, had an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (relative risk, 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4 to 8.5), hypertension (relative risk, 2.7; 95% CI, 2.2 to 3.3), elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (relative risk, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.3), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (relative risk, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.8 to 2.5), elevated triglyceride levels (relative risk, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.4 to 3.8), and carotid-artery atherosclerosis (increased intima-media thickness of the carotid artery) (relative risk, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.2) (P ≤ 0.002 for all comparisons). Persons who were overweight or obese during childhood but were nonobese as adults had risks of the outcomes that were similar to those of persons who had a normal BMI consistently from childhood to adulthood (P>0.20 for all comparisons).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nOverweight or obese children who were obese as adults had increased risks of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and carotid-artery atherosclerosis. The risks of these outcomes among overweight or obese children who became nonobese by adulthood were similar to those among persons who were never obese. (Funded by the Academy of Finland and others.).

Childhood Adiposity, Adult Adiposity, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors EDITORIAL COMMENT

Application of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) for water disinfection: A review

Epidemiology of childhood cancer.

http://profdoc.um.ac.ir/articles/a/1035236.pdf

An experimental study on the ratcheting and fatigue behavior of polyacetal under uniaxial cyclic loading

The performance of expanded metal tubes was studied under axial impact loading. Despite their low weight, expanded metal sheets have high energy absorption capacity. In order to evaluate the crashworthiness of the tube and to achieve maximum energy absorption, the collapse mechanism of the tube was experimentally examined considering the direction of the cells. The effect of the cell size of the expanded metal sheet, the thickness of the tube and making the absorber a multilayer on the energy absorption and the behavior of the absorbers was numerically investigated. Results demonstrated that the tubes with zero degree angle cells had a symmetric collapse mechanism. Increase in the size of the cells decreased the peak crushing force and the energy absorption capacity. It was observed that increasing the thickness of the tube and making the absorber a multilayer, will have significant effect on the initial maximum crushing force and energy absorption capacity and making the absorber a multilayer improves the crushing efficiency.

Energy absorption performance on multilayer expanded metal tubes under axial impact

/pdf/depression-and-perceived-social-support-in-the-elderly-3dkm6ls9nu.pdf

Depression and Perceived Social Support in the Elderly

Background: Fascioliasis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in Iran and other parts of the world. Although the largest epidemic of this disease has occurred in northern provinces of Iran (Guilan) during the past two decades and a few cases have also been reported in Tehran and the other provinces, there has been no evidence of its’ occurrence in western provinces of Iran such as Kermanshah before the outbreak which is being reported. Methods: The study was conducted by teamwork of infectious disease specialist, parasitologist, general practitioner, entomologist, and laboratory technician. It is an “epidemic investigation” and a cross sectional descriptive one. Clinical data and para‑clinical changes are recorded considering all of the population of a village in Kangavar, one of the suburbs of Kermanshah (western Iran). Results: The mean age was 21.65, (SD=12.44). Fifty three percent were female, and all of them were farmers. Eighty two percent had a history of watercress ingestion in a period of 1‑2 months before the admission and 18% consumed other vegetables. The average of eosinophils was 32.35% (SD=26). The patients’ Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Counter Current Immuno‑electrophoresis (CCIE) serological tests were reported positive by the department of parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran. Treatment response to triclabendazole was excellent. A ten‑year clinical and laboratory follow‑up revealed no evidence of abnormality in treated patients. Conclusions: It was the first case of human fascioliasis in west Iran and was a real epidemic and an emerging infectious disease for this area at that time. The clinical symptoms were less severe compared with other reports. Health education to inhabitants and health care workers can lead to rapid detection of such outbreaks. Keywords: Epidemic, eosinophilia, fascioliasis, new‑emerging, watercress

/pdf/the-first-epidemic-and-new-emerging-human-fascioliasis-in-3zdoxtfr3e.pdf

The First Epidemic and New-emerging Human Fascioliasis in Kermanshah (Western Iran) and a Ten-year Follow Up, 1998-2008

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a public health challenge facing both developing and developed nations. Although injecting drug use is even the main route of HIV transmission in Iran, sexual route is rising gradually. Vulnerable women have been considered as important bridging population for driving HIV epidemics. To increase the access to vulnerable women, in 2007, 5 pilot centers were established in risky areas to deliver comprehensive services to women who themselves or their spouses are engaged in drug use, risky sexual behavior or have history of imprisonment. Management of Sexually Transmitted Infection, psychological counseling and harm reduction are provided by female staff. The aim of this study was to report the activities conducting in 2008. Methods: Registered information was used to assess the demographic characteristic, HIV/ AIDS related risk factors and services delivered to clients. Results: Till March 2008, 442 clients have been admitted. Most of them (36.2%) had 25-34 years old. 14.3% were illiterate and 31% were totally jobless. The most prevalent risk factors were risky sexual behavior (27.1%) and noninjecting drug use (23.2%). Injecting drug use was detected in 11.3% of attendees. Dividing clients according to marital status, risky sexual behavior was the main risk factor in unmarried (40.2%) and divorced (26.9%) but in married and widow ones, non-injecting drug use was the most (25.8% and 36.5% respectively). Harm reduction (40.5%) and counseling (36.6%) were the most delivered services. Conclusion: Since vulnerable women play a critical role to spread HIV-epidemic to general population, increasing centers provide more access to this population.

/pdf/counseling-and-harm-reduction-centers-for-vulnerable-women-dn0wycu1wl.pdf

Hossein Hatami

Papers

An experimental study on the ratcheting and fatigue behavior of polyacetal under uniaxial cyclic loading

Energy absorption performance on multilayer expanded metal tubes under axial impact

Depression and Perceived Social Support in the Elderly

The First Epidemic and New-emerging Human Fascioliasis in Kermanshah (Western Iran) and a Ten-year Follow Up, 1998-2008

Counseling and Harm Reduction Centers for Vulnerable Women to HIV/AIDS in Iran.