This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Much of the work on the social psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudices and discrimination and on the motivational sequences of interpersonal interaction. The intensity of explicit intergroup conflicts of interests is closely related in human cultures to the degree of opprobrium attached to the notion of "renegade" or "traitor." The basic and highly reliable finding is that the trivial, ad hoc intergroup categorization leads to in-group favoritism and discrimination against the out-group. Many orthodox definitions of "social groups" are unduly restrictive when applied to the context of intergroup relations. The equation of social competition and intergroup conflict rests on the assumptions concerning an "ideal type" of social stratification in which the salient dimensions of intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.

The social identity theory of intergroup behavior

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Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES IN INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR 3 From Individual to Group Impressions 3 GROUP MEMBERSHIP AND INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR 7 The Scope and Range of Ethnocentrism 8 The Development of Ethnocentrism 9 Intergroup Conflict and Competition 12 Interpersonal and intergroup behavior 13 Intergroup conflict and group cohesion 15 Power and status in intergroup behavior 16 Social Categorization a d Intergroup Behavior 20 Social categorization: cognitions, values, and groups 20 Social categorization a d intergroup discrimination 23 Social identity and social comparison 24 THE REDUCTION FINTERGROUP DISCRIMINATION 27 Intergroup Cooperation and Superordinate Goals " 28 Intergroup Contact. 28 Multigroup Membership and "lndividualizat~’on" of the Outgroup 29 SUMMARY 30

Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations

Stereotype research emphasizes systematic processes over seemingly arbitrary contents, but content also may prove systematic. On the basis of stereotypes' intergroup functions, the stereotype content model hypothesizes that (a) 2 primary dimensions are competence and warmth, (b) frequent mixed clusters combine high warmth with low competence (paternalistic) or high competence with low warmth (envious), and (c) distinct emotions (pity, envy, admiration, contempt) differentiate the 4 competence-warmth combinations. Stereotypically, (d) status predicts high competence, and competition predicts low warmth. Nine varied samples rated gender, ethnicity, race, class, age, and disability out-groups. Contrary to antipathy models, 2 dimensions mattered, and many stereotypes were mixed, either pitying (low competence, high warmth subordinates) or envying (high competence, low warmth competitors). Stereotypically, status predicted competence, and competition predicted low warmth.

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A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.

Introduction When academic theorizing addresses everyday communication phenomena, there are losses as well as gains. Research may, selectively or otherwise, partially represent the full subtlety of contextualized interaction. Methodological constraints may impose their own selectivity, so that we tend to access the accessible and learn what is most readily learnable. The real-time nature of programmatic research will reflect epistemological shifts and disciplinary development. It is altogether likely that academic and lay versions of the phenomena themselves and their boundaries will not perfectly mirror each other at any one point. On the other hand, research can discover regularities within communicative interchanges and identify, and perhaps even predict, contextual configurations that relate systematically to them. If it is amenable to methodological triangulation upon data and research questions, and if it incorporates within its own activities a mechanism for building cumulatively on empirical insights, communication research can begin to impose order on the uncertainty that interaction presents to us. More particularly, research that addresses the contexts as much as the behaviors of talk can tease out the ordering – motivational, strategic, behavioral, attributional, and evaluative – that interactants themselves impose upon their own communication experiences, and the ways in which the social practices of talk both are constrained by and themselves constrain goals, identities, and social structures. In the case of “accommodation theory,” the focus of the present collection, we have a research program that has developed over more than a dozen years, undergoing many extensions and elaborations, as an account of contextual processes impinging on sociolinguistic code, style, and strategy selections.

Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence.

Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations

Speech style and social evaluation

Part 1 Language in context: the "language builds upon context" approach the "language reflects context" approach - Brown and Fraser's taxonomy, perceived structure of social situations, intergroup relations a model of speech as a reflection of situational representations the "languge determines context" approach further complexities and directions. Part 2 Language attitudes: the matched-guise technique (MGT) the empirical avalanche which followed - standard versus nonstandard speaker evaluations, the role of context, other intervening and mediating variables theoretical developments future developments - the MGT from a discursive perspective, language attitudes and linguistic action. Part 3 Accommodating language: basic concepts and strategies - convergence and divergence, some important distinctions accommodative motives and consequences - convergence and integration, caveats, divergence and intergroup processes further distinctions - psychological versus linguistic accommodation, cognitive organization and identity maintenance functions discourse attuning future rapprochements. Part 4 Language, ethnicity and intergroup communication: the salience and language approaches and problems ethnolinguistic identity strategies of language change - individual mobility and group assimilation, psycholinguistic distinctiveness intergroup communication "breakdown" models of "breakdown" - the stereotype process framework. Part 5 Bilingualism and the survival of languages: the field and its importance influential frameworks - Gardner's model, Clement's model the intergroup model (IGM) - ethnolinguistic vitality, the IGM revised the IGM revisited the very survival of languages integrating models of language survival. Part 6 Language, ageing and health: intergenerational differences - beliefs about talk, over and underaccommodation, other features of discursive style, telling age towards a lifespan communicative framework language, health and social support a language perspective on health and social support. Part 7 Epilogue: future priorities - the status of miscommunication, units of analysis, epistemological dilemmas.

Language: Contexts and Consequences

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) is a general theoretical framework of both interpersonal and intergroup communication. It seeks to explain and predict why, when, and how people adjust their communicative behavior during social interaction, and what social consequences result from those adjustments. In this entry, a brief historical overview of CAT's development is first provided, and some of its basic concepts are introduced. Second, the different adjustment strategies that speakers may enact are explained, and objective and subjective measures of accommodation are distinguished. Third, the motivations underlying communicative adjustment are examined, and the ways in which they can be shaped by the sociohistorical context in which an interaction is embedded are discussed. Fourth, the social consequences of communicative adjustment (and nonadjustment) are explored, and some of the many factors that mediate and moderate people's evaluations of others’ behavior are discussed. Finally, previous CAT principles are refined and elaborated, and directions for future research are suggested.


Keywords:

accommodation;
convergence;
divergence;
intergroup communication;
interpersonal communication;
language;
overaccommodation;
social identity;
underaccommodation

https://doc.rero.ch/record/306556/files/2007_gilesogay_cat.pdf

Howard Giles

Papers

Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence.

Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations

Speech style and social evaluation

Language: Contexts and Consequences

Communication Accommodation Theory