This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Much of the work on the social psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudices and discrimination and on the motivational sequences of interpersonal interaction. The intensity of explicit intergroup conflicts of interests is closely related in human cultures to the degree of opprobrium attached to the notion of "renegade" or "traitor." The basic and highly reliable finding is that the trivial, ad hoc intergroup categorization leads to in-group favoritism and discrimination against the out-group. Many orthodox definitions of "social groups" are unduly restrictive when applied to the context of intergroup relations. The equation of social competition and intergroup conflict rests on the assumptions concerning an "ideal type" of social stratification in which the salient dimensions of intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.

The social identity theory of intergroup behavior

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Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES IN INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR 3 From Individual to Group Impressions 3 GROUP MEMBERSHIP AND INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR 7 The Scope and Range of Ethnocentrism 8 The Development of Ethnocentrism 9 Intergroup Conflict and Competition 12 Interpersonal and intergroup behavior 13 Intergroup conflict and group cohesion 15 Power and status in intergroup behavior 16 Social Categorization a d Intergroup Behavior 20 Social categorization: cognitions, values, and groups 20 Social categorization a d intergroup discrimination 23 Social identity and social comparison 24 THE REDUCTION FINTERGROUP DISCRIMINATION 27 Intergroup Cooperation and Superordinate Goals " 28 Intergroup Contact. 28 Multigroup Membership and "lndividualizat~’on" of the Outgroup 29 SUMMARY 30

Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations

Stereotype research emphasizes systematic processes over seemingly arbitrary contents, but content also may prove systematic. On the basis of stereotypes' intergroup functions, the stereotype content model hypothesizes that (a) 2 primary dimensions are competence and warmth, (b) frequent mixed clusters combine high warmth with low competence (paternalistic) or high competence with low warmth (envious), and (c) distinct emotions (pity, envy, admiration, contempt) differentiate the 4 competence-warmth combinations. Stereotypically, (d) status predicts high competence, and competition predicts low warmth. Nine varied samples rated gender, ethnicity, race, class, age, and disability out-groups. Contrary to antipathy models, 2 dimensions mattered, and many stereotypes were mixed, either pitying (low competence, high warmth subordinates) or envying (high competence, low warmth competitors). Stereotypically, status predicted competence, and competition predicted low warmth.

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A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.

Cognitive Aspects of Humour in Social Interaction: A Model and Some Linguistic Data

The Valencian Language Situation: An Accommodation Perspective

The purpose of this paper is to describe a theory-driven intervention called VOICES that was developed to improve police-community relations. The intervention was designed based on principles derived from social psychological theories of intergroup contact and communication.,The authors discuss the theoretical basis for the intervention, as well as its development and implementation in the Santa Barbara Police Department. Based on this pilot testing, the authors provide preliminary evidence about its effectiveness using survey responses and qualitative feedback provided by participants.,Although the case study method used here does not allow for causal inferences about the effectiveness of the intervention, the limited evidence the authors present does suggest that participants found VOICES useful and it may have improved their perceptions of police. The next step will be to test this intervention using experimental or quasi-experimental methods that allow for causal inferences about effectiveness.,The paper shows how police can develop theory-driven interventions in an effort to improve trust between police and the public, including communities in which relationships with police have been historically strained. It also underscores how insights from the study of intergroup contact and communication can benefit policing.

VOICES: a theory-driven intervention for improving relationships between police and the public

This paper examines the interactive roles of geographical/ sociopolitical context, ethnicity, and socio‐economic status on values structures in South Africa and Britain. A modified version of the Rokeach Value Survey was administered to South African Indian and English‐speaking students of above average and average family income backgrounds and to British Indian and indigenous students of above average, average, and below average family incomes. The data were subjected to a series of canonical variate analyses demonstrating the separate and interactive effects of the three factors under study. The complex configuration of value structures which emerged was comparatively discussed in terms of the social contexts in which they were embedded and their significance highlighted for cross‐national investigations in this area.

Values as a function of ethnicity and socio‐economic status: A cross‐national study

In an attempt to better understand the relationship between symbolic and instrumental attitudinal structures and their impact on attitudes toward homosexuals, HIV+ individuals, and their friends, this study examined whether symbolic or instrumental factors were more predictive in accounting for homosexual and AIDS tolerance. This work also extended previous work by examining how this tolerance expressed itself through the outcomes of trust, credibility and desire for future interaction with gays and HIV+ individuals. This study also examined how this tolerance extended to friends of the “marked others”; by examining how AIDS and homosexual tolerance extended to affect attitudes toward those who chose to be friends with gays and HIV+ individuals. The findings were twofold. First, both symbolic and instrumental factors predicted outcomes for homosexual and HIV+ targets ‐ regardless of whether they were interacting with a nonstigmatized other or a similar other. Secondly, symbolic and instrumental factors al...

Howard Giles

Papers

Cognitive Aspects of Humour in Social Interaction: A Model and Some Linguistic Data

The Valencian Language Situation: An Accommodation Perspective

VOICES: a theory-driven intervention for improving relationships between police and the public

Values as a function of ethnicity and socio‐economic status: A cross‐national study

Stigma‐by‐association: The role of symbolic and instrumental attitudes