This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Much of the work on the social psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudices and discrimination and on the motivational sequences of interpersonal interaction. The intensity of explicit intergroup conflicts of interests is closely related in human cultures to the degree of opprobrium attached to the notion of "renegade" or "traitor." The basic and highly reliable finding is that the trivial, ad hoc intergroup categorization leads to in-group favoritism and discrimination against the out-group. Many orthodox definitions of "social groups" are unduly restrictive when applied to the context of intergroup relations. The equation of social competition and intergroup conflict rests on the assumptions concerning an "ideal type" of social stratification in which the salient dimensions of intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.

The social identity theory of intergroup behavior

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Using Multivariate Statistics

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES IN INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR 3 From Individual to Group Impressions 3 GROUP MEMBERSHIP AND INTERGROUP BEHAVIOR 7 The Scope and Range of Ethnocentrism 8 The Development of Ethnocentrism 9 Intergroup Conflict and Competition 12 Interpersonal and intergroup behavior 13 Intergroup conflict and group cohesion 15 Power and status in intergroup behavior 16 Social Categorization a d Intergroup Behavior 20 Social categorization: cognitions, values, and groups 20 Social categorization a d intergroup discrimination 23 Social identity and social comparison 24 THE REDUCTION FINTERGROUP DISCRIMINATION 27 Intergroup Cooperation and Superordinate Goals " 28 Intergroup Contact. 28 Multigroup Membership and "lndividualizat~’on" of the Outgroup 29 SUMMARY 30

Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations

Stereotype research emphasizes systematic processes over seemingly arbitrary contents, but content also may prove systematic. On the basis of stereotypes' intergroup functions, the stereotype content model hypothesizes that (a) 2 primary dimensions are competence and warmth, (b) frequent mixed clusters combine high warmth with low competence (paternalistic) or high competence with low warmth (envious), and (c) distinct emotions (pity, envy, admiration, contempt) differentiate the 4 competence-warmth combinations. Stereotypically, (d) status predicts high competence, and competition predicts low warmth. Nine varied samples rated gender, ethnicity, race, class, age, and disability out-groups. Contrary to antipathy models, 2 dimensions mattered, and many stereotypes were mixed, either pitying (low competence, high warmth subordinates) or envying (high competence, low warmth competitors). Stereotypically, status predicted competence, and competition predicted low warmth.

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A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.

Communication accommodation theory: Integrations and new framework developments

This study examined how the accommodative environments experienced from grandparents and grandchildren's own age-related communication are indirectly associated with grandchildren's life satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and loneliness, via grandchildren's self-efficacy with respect to aging. The communication experienced from grandparents was classified as accommodative, ambivalent, and mixed-accommodative chatter. Grandchildren were classified into engaged, disengaged, bantering, and disengaged-joking profiles based on their own age-related communication. Grandchildren who experienced accommodative chatter were likely to be engaged and disengaged communicators about age-related issues; grandchildren who experienced mixed-accommodative chatter were likely to be bantering communicators about age-related issues. Relative to engaged communicators, disengaged-joking communicators demonstrated lower life satisfaction, more depressive symptoms, and greater loneliness, via lower self-efficacy with respect to aging. Patterns of accommodation and nonaccommodation from grandparents may place grandchildren on specific trajectories for communicating about age, and grandchildren's own communication may be consequential for well-being even at relatively young periods of the life span.

The Role of Grandchildren's Own Age-Related Communication and Accommodation From Grandparents in Predicting Grandchildren's Well-Being.

People’s communicative episodes can be defi ned by varying degrees of interpersonal salience. 
The extreme of this would be an interaction infl uenced only by participants’ moods and personalities, and one where their social identities were virtually irrelevant (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). A 
bank ad, from First Direct, illustrates this individual focus of attention, playing on doubtless past 
employee-customer tensions: “When you talk to First Direct, you’re treated as a person … personalized with a name … not as a number.” In contrast, would be interactions where participants’ 
group identities-their clans, cliques, unions, generations, families, etc.—almost entirely dictate 
the conversational dynamics; speakers’ idiosyncratic characteristics here would be almost immaterial. Such happened in the Ivory Coast in November 2004, where there was a confl agration 
with the French military, and statements by locals such as the following were seemingly commonplace: “French go home!… Everyone get your Frenchmen!” Henri Tajfel had always argued 
(somewhat mischievously) that at least 70% of so-called interpersonal interactions were actually 
highly intergroup in nature (see Petronio, Ellemers, Giles, & Gallois, 1998)—this could perhaps 
even turn out to be an underestimate. This Handbook is devoted to studies, insights, theories, and 
applications in contexts where intergroup-ness is very high and regularly happens, including organizational, healthcare, and other applied settings where social groups as specialties, religions, 
genders and so forth play an important role in determining how people interact with each other.

Principles of Intergroup Communication

Research in Asia, South Africa, and the United States has produced models of police-civilian interaction that highlight the effect of officers’ communication accommodation on attitudinal outcomes. Specif ically, this research has demonstrated that of ficers’ accommodative practices are potent predictors of civilians’ attributed trust in police and their perceived likelihood of compliance with police requests. The present study continued this line of work in Russia, using Turkish and American comparison groups; 617 univ ersity students reported how accommodating they perceived police to be, the degree to which they trusted officers, and their inclinations to comply with them. In addition to intriguing differences that emerged between the nations, overall results revealed that officer accommodativeness indirectly predicted civilian compliance through trust. The hypothesized model was largely supported and culturally sensitive.

Howard Giles

Papers

Communication accommodation theory: Integrations and new framework developments

The Role of Grandchildren's Own Age-Related Communication and Accommodation From Grandparents in Predicting Grandchildren's Well-Being.

Principles of Intergroup Communication

Perceptions of Trust, Compliance and Accommodation in Police-Civilian Encounters: A Russian, Turkish and Americ an Cross-National Analysis

Advances in Intergroup Communication