Knowledge on neosporosis and associated risk factors in different species of animals are so important for designing the control programs and reduce the economic losses globally. This literature review targeted for evaluating the infection rate of Neospora caninum in animals in Iran. Until April 2020, all of published documents in the main English and Persian-language databases were searched. A total number of 110 documents (English = 85 and Persian = 25) were extracted. Most of reports were sero-epidemiological studies using ELISA in Iranian cattle population. The range of Neospora infection was 3.8–76.2% in cattle, 0–54.6% in dogs, 0.9–9.9% in sheep, 6.2% in goats, 19.2–55.9% in buffaloes, 20–42.2% in horses, 52% in donkeys, 3.2–27% in camels, 14% and 19% in cats, and 0–20.4% in rodents. This rate in birds was 17.3% in chicken, 9.8% and 30.4% in pigeons, 2.8% and 3.7% in sparrows, and 9.9% in hooded crows. This is a comprehensive literature review on Neospora infection in Iran at the first time. The infection of N. caninum is widespread in Iran especially in dogs and cattle population. This review can provide baseline information for future research. Study on other hosts especially on wild and exotic animals is recommended for exact estimate of neosporosis in Iran. Investigations into molecular diagnosis and genotyping of N. caninum strains are also needed; this will be helpful for developing vaccines and finding the connection among wild and domestic cycles of disease. Education on the risk factors associated with N. caninum infection for is suggested farmers and rural public.

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Neospora caninum infection in Iran (2004-2020): A review.

The aim of this study was to estimate the total cost of Neospora caninum infection in cows in Turkey. According to present literature, the mean seroprevalence of infection was estimated as 14.7%. The seropositivity rate of N. caninum in aborted cows was found to be 18%. The financial costs were estimated in US$ at 2019 prices. The total cost of N. caninum infection was estimated at US$710 (438-1043) per a dairy cow and the annual economic costs were estimated at US$40.5 (24.6-60.3) million for Turkey. In this study, the distribution of economic costs caused by neosporosis per cow was determined to be 67.3% for abortion, 16.8% prolonged calving interval, 4.6% milk loss, 3.5% additional artificial insemination, and 7.7% veterinary and diagnostic costs, respectively. All studies that have been conducted so far on Neosporosis are focused on the prevalence and the diagnosis of the disease in Turkey. In this study, we firstly determined the economic costs due to N. caninum infections and try to attract attention on the economic impacts of the disease. As a result, awareness among breeders regarding the epidemiology, control, and eradication of neosporosis should be raised through training activities; coordination between the relevant institutions and organizations should be ensured; emergency action plans should be prepared; and further spread of the disease should be prevented.

Estimating the total economic costs of Neospora caninum infections in dairy cows in Turkey.

RESUMO: Este estudo comparou a soroprevalencia de N. caninum e T. gondii em bovinos Curraleiros ao de outras racas bovinas (Nelore, Girolando, Guzera e Caracu). Foram utilizadas 119 femeas bovinas adultas provenientes de quatro propriedades localizadas nos estados de Goias e Tocantins e na divisa entre Goias, Minas Gerais e Bahia. Animais soropositivos para N. caninum foram encontrados em todas as propriedades e o numero de Curraleiros reagentes foi significativamente maior em relacao aos bovinos Guzera e Nelore. Tambem foram identificados anticorpos anti-T. gondii nos animais em todas as propriedades. A prevalencia de soropositivos para T. gondii foi semelhante entre Curraleiros e bovinos das racas Nelore, Girolando e Guzera; entretanto, foi significativamente maior em relacao a raca Caracu. ABSTRACT: This study compared the health status of Curraleiro cattle and other breeds (Nellore, Girolando, Guzera, and Caracu) for toxoplasmosis and neosporosis screening against anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, respectively. We used 119 female bovines of Curraleiro, Guzera, Nellore, Caracu, and Girolando breeds from four farms in Goias and Tocantins states and in the border of Goias, Minas Gerais, and Bahia states. All the farms had seropositive bovines for N. caninum. The number of seropositive Curraleiro cattle was significantly higher than the number of Guzera and Nellore cattle. Also, antibodies against toxoplasmosis were found in animals from all properties. There was no significant difference between the number of seropositive Curraleiro cattle and the breeds Nellore, Girolando, and Guzera; however, it was significantly higher than the number of seropositive animals of Caracu breed.

Soroepidemiologia de Neospora Caninum e Toxoplasma Gondii em bovinos da raça curraleiro curraleiro cattle breed health status for neosporosis and toxoplasmosis.

Neosporosis has emerged in Brazil as one of the main diseases that cause abortion in cattle in Brazil and worldwide. Caused by the protozoan Neospora caninum affects a diversity of animal species. In search of biological, epidemiological and diagnostic elucidation, several studies are outlined about this agent. The goal of this study was to review the scientific literature on bovine neosporosis in Brazil, addressing the main etiopathogenic, epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and immunoprophylactic aspects, aiming at building the current scenario of neosporosis in Brazilian cattle farming. The search strategy for selecting the studies was a survey carried out in the databases PubMed, Lilacs, SciElo and Google scholar, from January 2005 to March 2020. The majority of the studies were seroepidemiological surveys that aimed to determine the occurrence and factors of disease risk. The average occurrence of neosporosis found in the studies was

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Situação da neosporose na bovinocultura brasileira

Neosporosis, a parasitic infection caused by Neospora caninum (N. caninum), is one of the main contagious factors that cause reproductive disturbances in cattle and neuromuscular complaints in dogs. This review was performed to determine the prevalence of cattle and dogs neosporosis in Iran. Data were systematically gathered from January 2004 to July 2020 in the Islamic Republic of Iran from the following electronic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Elmnet, Magiran, Irandoc, Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database (SID) and civilica. In cattle, 57 studies and in dogs 28 studies reporting the prevalence of neosporosis in different areas of Iran found which met our eligibility criteria. In total, the pooled prevalence of neosporosis, using a random-effect model, was estimated 24.2% (95% CI, 21.5-26.9) in cattle and 19.9% (95% CI, 15.3-24.4) in dogs. Furthermore, the majority of neosporosis cases were in the Southwest (37% in cattle and 30.6% in dogs) provinces of Iran. In conclusion, the pooled prevalence of cattle and dogs neosporosis in Iran is relatively high. This value differs among geographical regions as it is the maximum in the southwest for both and the minimum in the northeast for cattle and the southeast for dogs of Iran. These results are desirable for managing the control programs of this infection.

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Neospora caninum Infection in Cattle and Dogs in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Neospora caninum is one of the main infectious agents that cause reproductive disorders in cattle. However, knowledge about the prevalence and causal factors of bovine neosporosis is needed in order to establish control measures. The purpose of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence and determine the risk factors of bovine neosporosis using meta-analytic methods. Searches for data on N. caninum seroprevalence and potential risk factors were conducted in the PubMed, LILACS, and SciElo databases. The random effects model was used for the meta-analysis of the included studies. The pooled prevalence of N. caninum in cattle was 24% (95% confidence interval (CI), 19–29) in North and Central America, 24% (95% CI, 20–28) in South America, 18% (95% CI, 14–21) in Asia, 15% (95% CI, 12–18) in Europe, 13% (95% CI, 11–16) in Africa, and 8% (95% CI, 4–14) in Oceania. A significant correlation was found between N. caninum infection and abortion in cows (odds ratio (OR) = 2.66, 95% CI, 1.97–3.59). The following risk factors were signicantly associated with N. caninum seroprevalence: presence of dogs on the farm (OR = 2.84; 95% CI, 1.40–5.80) and the type of cattle production system, with dairy cattle being more susceptible to bovine neosporosis (OR = 1.60; 95% CI, 1.16–2.19) than beef cattle. The adoption of measures to prevent the dissemination of N. caninum in cattle herds is suggested, aiming to reduce the economic losses incurred to the dairy and beef industry.

Hudson Felipe Porto de Abreu

Papers

Meta-analysis of the prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine neosporosis.