Conventional water resources in many regions are insufficient to meet the water needs of growing populations, thus reuse is gaining acceptance as a method of water supply augmentation. Recent advancements in membrane technology have allowed for the reclamation of municipal wastewater for the production of drinking water, i.e., potable reuse. Although public perception can be a challenge, potable reuse is often the least energy-intensive method of providing additional drinking water to water stressed regions. A variety of membranes have been developed that can remove water contaminants ranging from particles and pathogens to dissolved organic compounds and salts. Typically, potable reuse treatment plants use polymeric membranes for microfiltration or ultrafiltration in conjunction with reverse osmosis and, in some cases, nanofiltration. Membrane properties, including pore size, wettability, surface charge, roughness, thermal resistance, chemical stability, permeability, thickness and mechanical strength, vary between membranes and applications. Advancements in membrane technology including new membrane materials, coatings, and manufacturing methods, as well as emerging membrane processes such as membrane bioreactors, electrodialysis, and forward osmosis have been developed to improve selectivity, energy consumption, fouling resistance, and/or capital cost. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the role of polymeric membranes in the treatment of wastewater to potable water quality and highlight recent advancements in separation processes. Beyond membranes themselves, this review covers the background and history of potable reuse, and commonly used potable reuse process chains, pretreatment steps, and advanced oxidation processes. Key trends in membrane technology include novel configurations, materials and fouling prevention techniques. Challenges still facing membrane-based potable reuse applications, including chemical and biological contaminant removal, membrane fouling, and public perception, are highlighted as areas in need of further research and development.

A review of polymeric membranes and processes for potable water reuse

A review on the synthesis of fully aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membranes

Confined growth of skin layer for high performance reverse osmosis membrane

Novel RO membranes fabricated by grafting sulfonamide group: Improving water permeability, fouling resistance and chlorine resistant performance

1-methylimidazole as a novel additive for reverse osmosis membrane with high flux-rejection combinations and good stability

In this work, a novel anti-biofouling reverse osmosis (RO) membrane was fabricated by second interfacial polymerization of synthesized cationic biguanidine functional chitooligosaccharide (COSG) with the acyl chloride groups on the nascent RO membrane surface. COSG fully combined the bioactivity of oligosaccharides and guanidine-based polymers. Meanwhile, the chitooligosaccharide (COS)-modified RO membranes were prepared for comparison. Both the COS and COSG modified membrane surface negative charge and roughness were reduced, and the hydrophilicity was significantly improved. The water flux of the COSG-modified membrane increased 16.61% than that of the virgin membrane, while the salt rejection exhibited slight decrease. Membrane fouling tests of lysozyme and bovine serum albumin illustrated that the COSG-modified membrane exhibited improved anti-fouling property with low flux decline ratios and high flux recovery ratios. Besides, the COSG-modified membranes exhibited excellent anti-bacterial property with mortalities of 99.9% against both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, the COSG-modified membrane maintained high desalination performance after being immersed in the bacteria suspensions for seven days.

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Huihui Wang

Papers

1-methylimidazole as a novel additive for reverse osmosis membrane with high flux-rejection combinations and good stability

Biguanidine functional chitooligosaccharide modified reverse osmosis membrane with improved anti-biofouling property