Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country

http://www.medecine-maritime.fr/pdf/biblio/toxico/Environmental%20levels,%20toxicity%20and%20human%20exposure%20to%20tributyltin.pdf

Environmental levels, toxicity and human exposure to tributyltin (TBT)-contaminated marine environment. A review

http://ir.yic.ac.cn/bitstream/133337/5607/1/Heavy%20metal%20pollution%20status%20in%20surface%20sediments.pdf

Heavy metal pollution status in surface sediments of the coastal Bohai Bay.

Antifouling strategies: History and regulation, ecological impacts and mitigation

A comprehensive review of the single and sequential extraction schemes for metal fractionation in environmental samples such as soil and industrially contaminated soils, sewage sludge and sludge amended soils, road dust and run off, waste and miscellaneous materials along with other approaches of sequential extraction methods are being presented. A discussion on the application of chemometric methods in sequential extraction analysis is also being given. The study of single and sequential extraction methods for various reference materials are also being looked into. The review covers several aspects of the single and sequential extraction methodologies. The use of each reagents involved in these schemes are also discussed briefly. Finally the present upto date information by different workers in various fields of environmental geochemistry along with the possible future developments are also being outlined.

A Review of the Different Methods Applied in Environmental Geochemistry For Single and Sequential Extraction of Trace Elements in Soils and Related Materials

Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis.

Assessment of tin and butyltin species in estuarine superficial sediments from Gipuzkoa, Spain.

An experimental design was applied to optimise total tin (Sn)
determination in aqua regia–HF extracts from sediments.
Determination was performed by electrothermal atomic absorption
spectrometry using palladium as chemical modifier. A full factorial design
for screening and a central composite design for optimisation were used for
evaluation of the effects of several variables. The results showed that the
pyrolysis temperature, the atomisation temperature and the modifier
concentration exerted an influence on the determination. Accuracy and
precision were checked using the reference material PACS-2. The results
obtained were statistically, at the 95% confidence level, indistinguishable
from the certified values. The limit of detection was 0.048 mg
kg−1. The optimised method was applied to the analysis of
estuarine superficial sediments from Gipuzkoa (Spain). The total tin in
these samples ranged from 9 to 37 mg kg−1.

Optimisation of tin determination in aqua regia–HF extracts from sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using experimental design

An experimental design was developed to obtain a simple procedure for global determination of organic tin compounds in sediment. Sediment was extracted by a two-phase method and tin was determined in the organic extract by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), with palladium as chemical modifier. A Plackett–Burman design for screening and a fractional central composite design (CCD) for optimizing were used for evaluation of the effects of several variables. The results showed that sediment mass, volume and concentration of extracting acid, pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, and modifier concentration affect the determination. Reference material PACS-2 was analyzed to evaluate the procedure. It was possible to extract 82% of the organotin content certified in the reference sediment. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.08 µg g–1 and the relative standard deviation was 4%. The method was applied to the analysis of estuarine superficial sediments from Gipuzkoa (Spain). The organotin content of these samples ranged from 0.7 to 7.7 µg g–1, as tin, on a dry-weight basis.

Application of experimental design in a method for screening sediments for global determination of organic tin by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS).

Superficial soil and grass (Lolium sp.) from seventeen locations affected by different human activities (mining, metal factory and traffic emissions) were taken in Gipuzkoa (North Spain) in 1998. Total metal contents in soil and grass and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)‐extractable metal from soil were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. In these soils different available metal levels, evaluated by chelating agent DTPA, were found and the following potential lability sequence was obtained: Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn > Mn > Ni > Fe > Cr. In order to check the associations between metal contents in soil (total or DTPA extractable) and total metal in grass, factor analysis was applied. The results suggested that DTPA could be used as a reliable chemical extractant for evaluating Cd, Zn, Ni and Cr availability from polluted soils to grass plants.

I. Arambarri

Papers

Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis.

Assessment of tin and butyltin species in estuarine superficial sediments from Gipuzkoa, Spain.

Optimisation of tin determination in aqua regia–HF extracts from sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using experimental design

Application of experimental design in a method for screening sediments for global determination of organic tin by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS).

Relationships between metal contents in soil and grass contaminated by different anthropogenic sources