Dementia prevention, intervention, and care

This 1966 paperback edition of a publication which first appeared in 1963 has by now been widely reviewed as a worthy contribution to the sociological study of deviant behavior. Its current appearance as a paperback is a testimonial both to the quality of the work and to the prominence of deviant behavior in this generation. In general the author places deviance in perspective, identifies types of deviant behavior, considers the role of rule makers and enforcers, and some of the problems in studying deviance. In addition, he develops a sequential model of deviance relying on the concept of career, a concept originally developed in studies of occupations. In his study of a particular kind of deviance, the use of marihuana, the author posits and tests systematically an hypothesis about the genesis of marihuana use for pleasure. The hypothesis traces the sequence of changes in individual attitude

Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.

As marijuana use becomes legal in some states, the dominant public opinion is that marijuana is a harmless source of mood alteration. Although the harms associated with marijuana use have not been well studied, enough information is available to cause concern.

/pdf/adverse-health-effects-of-marijuana-use-4ih1jc0uzi.pdf

Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(07)61162-3.pdf

Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review

1. Place animal in induction chamber and anesthetize the mouse and ensure sedation. 2. Once the animal is sedated, move it to a nose cone for hair removal using cream. Only apply cream to the area of the chest that will be utilized for imaging. Once the hair is removed, wipe area with wet gauze to ensure all hair is removed. 3. Move the animal to the imaging platform and tape its paws to the ECG lead plates and insert rectal probe. Body temperature should be maintained at 36-37°C. During imaging, reduce anesthesia to maintain proper heart rate. If the animal shows signs of being awake, use a higher concentration of anesthetic.

人唾液天疱疮抗原的纯化

http://www.ukcia.org/research/PsychologicalAndSocialSequelae.pdf

Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies

Objective To test the hypothesis that people taking anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs are at increased risk of premature mortality, using primary care prescription records and after adjusting for a wide range of potential confounders.

Design Retrospective cohort study.

Setting 273 UK primary care practices contributing data to the General Practice Research Database.

Participants 34 727 patients aged 16 years and older first prescribed anxiolytic or hypnotic drugs, or both, between 1998 and 2001, and 69 418 patients with no prescriptions for such drugs (controls) matched by age, sex, and practice. Patients were followed-up for a mean of 7.6 years (range 0.1-13.4 years).

Main outcome All cause mortality ascertained from practice records.

Results Physical and psychiatric comorbidities and prescribing of non-study drugs were significantly more prevalent among those prescribed study drugs than among controls. The age adjusted hazard ratio for mortality during the whole follow-up period for use of any study drug in the first year after recruitment was 3.46 (95% confidence interval 3.34 to 3.59) and 3.32 (3.19 to 3.45) after adjusting for other potential confounders. Dose-response associations were found for all three classes of study drugs (benzodiazepines, Z drugs (zaleplon, zolpidem, and zopiclone), and other drugs). After excluding deaths in the first year, there were approximately four excess deaths linked to drug use per 100 people followed for an average of 7.6 years after their first prescription.

Conclusions In this large cohort of patients attending UK primary care, anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs were associated with significantly increased risk of mortality over a seven year period, after adjusting for a range of potential confounders. As with all observational findings, however, these results are prone to bias arising from unmeasured and residual confounding.

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/348/bmj.g1996.full.pdf

Effect of anxiolytic and hypnotic drug prescriptions on mortality hazards: retrospective cohort study.

http://www.ukcia.org/research/keele_study/Assessing-the-impact-of-cannabis-use-on-trend-in-diagnosed-schizophrenia.pdf

Assessing the impact of cannabis use on trends in diagnosed schizophrenia in the United Kingdom from 1996 to 2005.

Aims To demonstrate the utility of postmarketing studies using in-treatment drug and alcohol abusers as informants for assessing the relative abuse liability of sedative–hypnotic drugs.



Design  A survey was conducted that ascertained exposure to a variety of drugs with hypnotic/sedative properties and elicited subjective evaluations indicative of abuse liability.



Methods  Complete data were obtained from 297 admissions (78% male) to three addiction treatment sites in the United Kingdom. Subjects were asked 15 questions about 12 different drugs, including five benzodiazepines, three antidepressants, two non-benzodiazepine hypnotics and two antihistamines (plus one fictitious drug). Three of the benzodiazepines (diazepam, nitrazipam, temazepam) emerged as having substantially more abuse liability than any of the other drugs tested, as revealed by higher scores on abuse liability items (purchased on street, taken to get high, like drug, potential for addiction to drug). The antihistamines (chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine) had lowest abuse liability profiles, while the antidepressants (amitriptyline, fluoxetine, trazadone) and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (zolpidem, zopiclone) had similar profiles.



Conclusion  This pilot study suggests that postmarketing information on hypnotic drug use obtained from drug addicts entering treatment produces data consistent with other measures of abuse liability. The data suggest that the risk of misuse of newer non-benzodiazepine hypnotics may be less than that of benzodiazepine drugs, and similar to that of sedating antidepressants. The new methodology may serve to clarify or validate premarketing abuse liability data, and may help to inform the regulatory process and physician practice.

A postmarketing study of relative abuse liability of hypnotic sedative drugs

/pdf/predictive-factors-for-illicit-drug-use-among-young-people-a-2l4t9dh0ip.pdf

Ilana Crome

Papers

Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies

Effect of anxiolytic and hypnotic drug prescriptions on mortality hazards: retrospective cohort study.

Assessing the impact of cannabis use on trends in diagnosed schizophrenia in the United Kingdom from 1996 to 2005.

A postmarketing study of relative abuse liability of hypnotic sedative drugs

Predictive factors for illicit drug use among young people: a literature review