This paper analyzes the performance and emissions of biodiesel from different feedstocks. The main goal of this paper is to provide information to the engineers, industrialists and researchers who are interested on biodiesel and to emphasise biodiesel as a promising alternative replacement for fossil fuels. A substantial number of literatures from highly rated journals in scientific indexes were cited preferentially since 2000. The performance and emissions indicators such as brake torque, brake power, BTE, EGT, BSFC NOx, PM, CO, CO2, HC and smoke density have been evaluated in comparison to pure diesel. The results showed that different sources of biodiesel feedstocks give different results to engine performance and emissions. Surprisingly some of the research yielded favourable results towards the biodiesel as compared to pure diesel. The study concluded that biodiesel can be used in compression ignition engine as a replacement of diesel fuel to fulfil the global energy demand. However, further research on about optimisation, cost-effectiveness and availability of biodiesel needs to be carried out to help ensure that biofuel will be able to fully replace fossil fuel.

Effects of biodiesel from different feedstocks on engine performance and emissions: A review

Reactor technologies for biodiesel production and processing: a review.

The present paper is an overview of the recent progress in the development of various CaO-based catalysts suitable for biodiesel production. The mechanism, kinetics and optimization of transesterification reaction over these catalysts are first considered. Then, the practical application of CaO-based catalysts is discussed with a special stress on leaching and reusability of these catalysts. Also, various continuous reactor systems currently in use for biodiesel production are appraised. In addition to it, purification of crude biodiesel and the ecological aspects of using CaO-based catalysts are considered. Finally, the potentials of CaO-based catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production are emphasized to assess the future perspectives of their use. This review might help in selecting suitable CaO-based catalysts and the optimum reaction conditions for biodiesel production.

Calcium oxide as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production: Current state and perspectives

In the effect of robust industrialization and rapid augmentation of a number of fleets, there has been a huge rise in the fossil fuel consumption. Tremendous increase in global warming threatens the ecological balance of the earth. Based on the recent sorts of hardship about the fuel, researchers are profoundly pondered over the field of renewability, environmentally friendly and economically doable. In recent decades biodiesel fuel becomes the center of attraction among researchers since it is renewable, bio degradable, non-noxious, eco-friendly and sustainable. This review paper highlights and reviews the properties of prosperous variety of the biodiesel fuels derived from non-edible feedstocks which are termed as third generation biodiesel and its effects on the performance and emissions of the diesel engines. It was observed that the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel differ based on the types of feedstocks and also have a considerable effect on the potential performance of engine and dynamic characteristics of emission level. Also, the usage of biodiesel commonly leads to a reduction in noxious pollutants like carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon and particulate matter with an obvious increase in fuel consumption and NOx emission. This review provides a prospective strategy for the researchers for enhancing the engine performance and emission characteristics by using the third generation biofuels and its blends with the productive marvelous outcomes.

A review on the properties, performance and emission aspects of the third generation biodiesels

The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere resulting from the extensive use of fossil fuels and the depletion of oil reserves due to the increasing demands for energy compel the progressive replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources among which biomass. Triglycerides-based biomass such as plant oils, animal fats, waste cooking and micro-algal oils should be upgraded by transesterification, cracking/hydrocracking and selective deoxygenation (SDO) to provide, respectively, biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters), the so-called organic liquid product (mixture of hydrocarbons in the range of gasoline, kerosene and diesel) and green diesel (hydrocarbons in the diesel range). Problems related to the production, storage and use of the already produced biodiesel shifts the research to the second and third upgrading route. Intensive work in the last ten years has shown that the noble metals (mainly palladium) and the NiMo, CoMo and NiW sulphide catalysts supported on high surface area carriers, are promising concerning SDO for producing green diesel in the context of a stand-alone process of natural triglycerides. However, the high cost of the noble metal catalysts and the eventual S-contamination of the end product when using the aforementioned sulfided catalysts have rise intensive parallel research in the last three years for developing low cost Ni-based non-sulphide catalysts. The research effort in this area seems to focus on the following issues: (i) effect of supports, nickel loading and promoters on the catalytic performance of Ni-based non-sulphide catalysts, (ii) SDO pathways over these catalysts, (iii) effect of preparation method on their catalytic performance, (iv) comparison of nickel catalysts with other metallic and sulphide catalysts, (v) development of nickel phosphide catalysts, (vi) development of NiMo, CoMo or NiW non-sulphide catalysts (reduced, carbides, nitrides) and (vii) deoxygenation in low or no hydrogen containing atmosphere. In the present article we critically review the contributions relevant to each one of the aforementioned subjects for obtaining a synthetic picture concerning the progress pointed out so far and the future perspectives as well.

Development of nickel based catalysts for the transformation of natural triglycerides and related compounds into green diesel: a critical review

Biodiesel, an alternate and ecologically acceptable substitute for the conventional fuel, is usually produced from a wide range of edible vegetable oils, which are normally used for human consumption and whose prices are expected to increase in the future. In this regard, reliable and low-cost raw materials have increasingly drawn interest for biodiesel production, such as by-products of the meat-processing industries or waste animal fats. This paper provides a review of the different methods employed for biodiesel production from waste animal fats employing transesterification reaction. The aim of this paper is to present the exploitation possibilities of waste animal fats as low-cost feedstocks for biodiesel production. Also, the various methods for treatment of waste animal fats such as chemical (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and enzyme catalysis as well as non-catalytic processes were considered with emphasis on the influence of the operating and reaction conditions on the process rate and the ester yield. In depth discussions were given to the process optimization, kinetics and possibilities for improvement of biodiesel production from waste animal.

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Waste animal fats as feedstocks for biodiesel production

For commercial application, the ester product of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fats should be refined after glycerol separation by settling to fulfill the biodiesel standard specifications. This crude biodiesel, after neutralization and methanol removal, should be further cleaned by either one of the following methods: wet washing, dry washing, membrane extraction or using ion liquids. This paper presents a review on the traditional (wet and dry washing) and novel (membrane separation technology and usage of ion liquids) methods of crude biodiesel purification. It also provides a comparison of crude biodiesel purification methods. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, which should be carefully analyzed when choosing the proper one for refining crude biodiesel.

Purification technologies for crude biodiesel obtained by alkali-catalyzed transesterification

Biodiesel production by methanolysis of waste lard from piglet roasting over quicklime

The present study compares the performances of the regression models developed by the response surface methodology combined with the full factorial, Box-Behnken or face central composite designs applied for the ultrasound-assisted KOH-catalyzed methanolysis of sunflower oil. While all models led to similar optimal reaction conditions, the models based on the simpler designs had the smaller corrected Akaike information criterion values, the insignificant lack of fit and the more favorable statistical criteria than the model based on the full factorial design. Including fewer experiments, the Box-Behnken design can be recommended for the optimization of ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production processes.

/pdf/statistical-modeling-and-optimization-of-ultrasound-assisted-1a7cns1yrs.pdf

Ivan J. Stojković

Papers

Waste animal fats as feedstocks for biodiesel production

Purification technologies for crude biodiesel obtained by alkali-catalyzed transesterification

Biodiesel production by methanolysis of waste lard from piglet roasting over quicklime

Statistical modeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production using various experimental designs

Waste Lard Methanolysis Catalyzed by KOH at Moderate Temperatures