This paper proposes a paradigm for managing the dynamic aspects of organizational knowledge creating processes. Its central theme is that organizational knowledge is created through a continuous dialogue between tacit and explicit knowledge. The nature of this dialogue is examined and four patterns of interaction involving tacit and explicit knowledge are identified. It is argued that while new knowledge is developed by individuals, organizations play a critical role in articulating and amplifying that knowledge. A theoretical framework is developed which provides an analytical perspective on the constituent dimensions of knowledge creation. This framework is then applied in two operational models for facilitating the dynamic creation of appropriate organizational knowledge.

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A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation

1. Introduction 2. The emergence of learning activity as a historical form of human learning 3. The zone of proximal development as the basic category of expansive research 4. The instruments of expansion 5. Toward an expansive methodology 6. Epilogue.

Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/201/4359/899.2.full.pdf

Phenomenology of perception.

Research on the relation between social information processing and social adjustment in childhood is reviewed and interpreted within the framework of a reformulated model of human performance and social exchange. This reformulation proves to assimilate almost all previous studies and is a useful heuristic device for organizing the field. The review suggests that overwhelming evidence supports the empirical relation between characteristic processing styles and children's social adjustment, with some aspects of processing (e.g., hostile attributional biases, intention cue detection accuracy, response access patterns, and evaluation of response outcomes) likely to be causal of behaviors that lead to social status and other aspects (e.g., perceived self-competence) likely to be responsive to peer status

A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment.

Background: Self-report quality of life (QoL) measures for people with dementia are widely used as outcome measures in trials of dementia care interventions. Depressed mood, relationship quality and neuropsychiatric symptoms predict scores on these measures, whereas cognitive impairment and functional abilities typically do not. This study examines whether these self-reports are influenced by personality and by the person’s awareness of his/her impairments. A strong negative association between QoL and awareness of deficits would have implications for the validity of self-report in this context and for therapeutic interventions aiming to increase adjustment and coping. Methods: Participants were 101 individuals with early‐stage dementia and their family carers participating in the Memory Impairment and Dementia Awareness (MIDAS) Study. QoL was assessed using the QoL-AD scale, and awareness was assessed in relation to memory, activities of daily living and social functioning. Self-concept, conscientiousness, quality of relationship and mood were assessed and a brief neuropsychological battery administered. Carers rated their own stress and well-being and reported on neuropsychiatric symptoms. A series of regression analyses predicting QoL-AD were carried out, identifying key variables in each domain of assessment to take forward to an overall model. Results: Cognitive impairment was not related to QoL. The final model accounted for 57% of the variance in QoL-AD scores, with significant contributions from depressed mood, severity of irritability shown by the person with dementia, self-concept, quality of relationship (rated by the person with dementia) and male gender. The bivariate relationships of QoL-AD with awareness of memory function, awareness of functional abilities and conscientiousness were mediated by both depressed mood and self-concept. Conclusions: This study reports the most comprehensive approach to evaluation of awareness to date. Most of the indices of awareness used are not related to self-reported QoL. Discrepancies in evaluative judgements of memory function and functional abilities between people with dementia and carers are related to QoL, but this relationship is mediated by both depressed mood and self-concept, which have a much stronger relationship with QoL. The validity of self-report measures of QoL in people with early stage dementia is supported by these results.

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What contributes to a good quality of life in early dementia? awareness and the QoL-AD: a cross-sectional study

Over the last decade, a number of tools have been developed to evaluate, in a systematic way, patients' insight into their psychotic illness. Such tools, however, capture different clinical phenomena of insight. So far, there is no indication as to which phenomenon of insight might be the most useful or predictive (e.g. clinically or therapeutically) to assess. This article reports the re-standardization of a revised self-administered insight scale in patients with psychosis, first published in 1992. It is meant to capture views held by individuals suffering from psychosis about changes occurring within themselves and in their environment. The scale was administered to 64 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia but with a range of symptoms and in different stages of their illnesses. This new version is simpler to use and score than the original instrument and shows good reliability, internal consistency and concurrent validity. This study forms the preliminary basis for future work examining the phenomenon of insight, its relationship to clinical variables and its predictive validity in terms of patients' behaviours and prognoses.

Assessment of insight in psychosis: a re-standardization of a new scale.

Background and Methods: Psychiatric diagnosis is dependent on the identification of mental symptoms. On the assumption that they are ‘natural kinds’, the latter are routinely entered as correlational variables in empirical research. Published work on the philosophy of psychiatry has tended to concentrate on the concept of mental disorder or on individual symptoms but has given less attention to mental symptoms as a class. This paper deals specifically with the epistemology of mental symptoms, that is, with focusing on the nature of mental symptoms as a class of ‘objects’ and how the clinician gets to know them. In order to do this, mental symptoms can be explored from various perspectives, namely: (i) as types of objects, (ii) as structures, (iii) as definitions, (iv) as pockets of meanings, (v) as comprising constituents, (vi) as attractors in specific dialogical contexts, etc. In this paper, on account of space constraints, we deal only with the former 4 perspectives. Results and Conclusion: Our analysis shows mental symptoms to be unstable constructs with implications for both correlational research and further theoretical exploration.

Epistemology of mental symptoms.

There has been a recent proliferation of studies exploring awareness in people with dementia and, as is the case with similar studies in other clinical areas, results are generally mixed and inconsistent. One of the reasons underlying variability in study results relates to the complexities around the concept of awareness itself. Two sources of conceptual problems are explored. First, the meaning of awareness is examined and, within the dementia literature, various conceptualizations of awareness are identified which could be traced to three broad frameworks within which awareness and related terms are conceived. Differences between meanings of awareness are thus highlighted and the importance of making such differences explicit in studies was discussed. Second, the relational aspect of awareness is raised as a crucial issue determining the phenomenon of awareness elicited in clinical practice. Thus, in dementia, awareness is related to various “objects” including the illness as a whole, memory problems, ...

Awareness in dementia: conceptual issues.

1. Introduction: Trust/Risk and Trust/Fear 2. Trust as a Psychosocial Feeling: Socialization and Totalitarianism 3. Forms of Social Solidarity in Russia and the Soviet Union 4. Trust, Confidence, and Social Capital in Poland: A Historical Perspective 5. Genealogy of Krugovaya Poruka: Forced Trust as a Feature of Russian Political Culture 6. Trust in Building Multicultural Democratic Societies: Estonia, Moldova, and Kazakhstan 7. Diffuse Trust or Diffuse Analysis? The Specificity of Political Distrust in Post-Communist Europe 8. The Problem of Trust in Russian Public Opinion 9. Trust and Distrust in Old and New Democracies 10. The Aftermath of Communism and the Vicissitudes of Public Trust

Ivana Marková

Papers

What contributes to a good quality of life in early dementia? awareness and the QoL-AD: a cross-sectional study

Assessment of insight in psychosis: a re-standardization of a new scale.

Epistemology of mental symptoms.

Awareness in dementia: conceptual issues.

Trust and democratic transition in post-communist Europe