Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

Preface 1. Basic tools 2. Elasticity and Hooke's law 3. Seismic wave propagation 4. Effective media 5. Granular media 6. Fluid effects on wave propagation 7. Empirical relations 8. Flow and diffusion 9. Electrical properties Appendices.

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The Rock Physics Handbook: Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media

Responding to the latest developments in rock physics research, this popular reference book has been thoroughly updated while retaining its comprehensive coverage of the fundamental theory, concepts, and laboratory results. It brings together the vast literature from the field to address the relationships between geophysical observations and the underlying physical properties of Earth materials - including water, hydrocarbons, gases, minerals, rocks, ice, magma and methane hydrates. This third edition includes expanded coverage of topics such as effective medium models, viscoelasticity, attenuation, anisotropy, electrical-elastic cross relations, and highlights applications in unconventional reservoirs. Appendices have been enhanced with new materials and properties, while worked examples (supplemented by online datasets and MATLAB® codes) enable readers to implement the workflows and models in practice. This significantly revised edition will continue to be the go-to reference for students and researchers interested in rock physics, near-surface geophysics, seismology, and professionals in the oil and gas industries.

The Rock Physics Handbook

Review of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource: Prospects and challenges ☆

A compilation of compressional-wave ( V p) and shear-wave ( V s) velocities and densities for a wide variety of common lithologies is used to define new nonlinear, multivalued, and quantitative relations between these properties for the Earth's crust. Wireline borehole logs, vertical seismic profiles, laboratory measurements, and seismic tomography models provide a diverse dataset for deriving empirical relations between crustal V p and V s. The proposed V s as a function of V p relations fit V s and V p borehole logs in Quaternary alluvium and Salinian granites as well as laboratory measurements over a 7-km/sec-wide range in V p. The relations derived here are very close to those used to develop a regional 3D velocity model for southern California, based on pre-1970 data, and thus provide support for that model. These data, and these relations, show a rapid increase in V s as V p increases to 3.5 km/sec leading to higher shear-wave velocities in young sedimentary deposits than commonly assumed. These relations, appropriate for active continental margins where earthquakes are prone to occur, suggests that amplification of strong ground motions by shallow geologic deposits may not be as large as predicted by some earlier models.

Empirical relations between elastic wavespeeds and density in the Earth's crust

The objective of this study was to experimentally revisit the relations among the resistivity, elastic-wave velocity, porosity, and permeability in Fontainebleau sandstone samples from the Ile de France region, around Paris, France. In our resistivity measurements, we partially saturated the samples with brine. We used Archie’s equation to estimate resistivity at 100% water saturation, assuming a saturation exponent of 2. Using self-consistent approximations (SC) modeling with grain aspect ratio 1, and pore aspect ratio between 0.02 and 0.10, the experimental data fall into this theoretical range. The SC curve with the pore aspect ratio 0.05 appears to be close to the values measured in the entire porosity range. We also measured elastic-wave velocity on these dry samples for confining pressure between 0 and 40 MPa. We used a loading and unloading cycle and did not find any significant hysteresis in the velocity-pressure behavior. For the velocity data, using the self-consistent model with a grain aspect ratio 1 and pore aspect ratios 0.2, 0.1, and 0.05 fit our data at 40 MPa, while pores aspect ratios ranging between 0.1, 0.05, and 0.02 are a better fit for the data at 0 MPa. Both velocity and resistivity in clean sandstones can be modeled using SC approximation. In addition, we found a linear fit between the P-wave velocity and the decimal logarithm of the normalized resistivity, with deviations that correlate with differences in permeability.

Laboratory Measurements of Resistivity And Velocity For Fontainebleau Sandstones.

The Rock Physics Handbook: Elasticity and Hooke's law

By analyzing experimental data we show that in many room-dry rocks, the Poisson' s ratio (PR) decreases with decreasing differential pressure (confining minus pore pressure).

Pore pressure and fluid detection from compressional - and shear-wave data

Abstract Natural rock is heterogeneous at all scales. This challenges the digital rock physics concept since the images of natural rock are mm-sized, while the results should be applicable at much larger spatial scales. To address this challenge we subsample a digital volume and compute the permeability of its subvolumes, as well as that of the entire volume, using the lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM). We reassemble the resulting values in 3D and use Darcy's flow simulator to re-compute the permeability of the entire host volume. In spite of significant heterogeneity of the subvolume properties, the Darcy-upscaled entire-volume permeability falls very close to that LBM-computed. Next, by using random reconstructions of the subvolume permeability matrix, we obtain physically meaningful permeability versus porosity transforms that can arguably be used at a scale much greater than that of a digital CT-scan image. This simple principle “to see a trend in a grain of sand” is the novel contribution of our work. Arguably, it can be implemented using images of drill cuttings collected within an interval in a well. We discuss examples of this principle for three basic rock types: high-porosity unconsolidated sand, medium-porosity sandstone, and medium-porosity carbonate.

Permeability-Porosity Relations from Single Image of Natural Rock: Subsampling Approach

C-14 ROCK PHYSICS OF GAS HYDRATE RESERVOIR 1 Summary. Enormous amounts of methane gas hydrate are present in sediments under the world's oceans as well as in on-shore sediments in the Arctic. These hydrates are a potential future energy resource. The most well-developed geophysical tool for exploring large volumes of the subsurface where gas hydrate is found is seismic reflection profiling. To characterize a natural gas hydrate reservoir with seismic data we must be able to relate the elastic properties of the sediment to the volume of gas hydrate present. One way of achieving this goal is through rock physics

Jack Dvorkin

Papers

Laboratory Measurements of Resistivity And Velocity For Fontainebleau Sandstones.

The Rock Physics Handbook: Elasticity and Hooke's law

Pore pressure and fluid detection from compressional - and shear-wave data

Permeability-Porosity Relations from Single Image of Natural Rock: Subsampling Approach

Rock Physics of Gas Hydrate Reservoir