Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

Preface 1. Basic tools 2. Elasticity and Hooke's law 3. Seismic wave propagation 4. Effective media 5. Granular media 6. Fluid effects on wave propagation 7. Empirical relations 8. Flow and diffusion 9. Electrical properties Appendices.

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The Rock Physics Handbook: Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media

Responding to the latest developments in rock physics research, this popular reference book has been thoroughly updated while retaining its comprehensive coverage of the fundamental theory, concepts, and laboratory results. It brings together the vast literature from the field to address the relationships between geophysical observations and the underlying physical properties of Earth materials - including water, hydrocarbons, gases, minerals, rocks, ice, magma and methane hydrates. This third edition includes expanded coverage of topics such as effective medium models, viscoelasticity, attenuation, anisotropy, electrical-elastic cross relations, and highlights applications in unconventional reservoirs. Appendices have been enhanced with new materials and properties, while worked examples (supplemented by online datasets and MATLAB® codes) enable readers to implement the workflows and models in practice. This significantly revised edition will continue to be the go-to reference for students and researchers interested in rock physics, near-surface geophysics, seismology, and professionals in the oil and gas industries.

The Rock Physics Handbook

Review of natural gas hydrates as an energy resource: Prospects and challenges ☆

A compilation of compressional-wave ( V p) and shear-wave ( V s) velocities and densities for a wide variety of common lithologies is used to define new nonlinear, multivalued, and quantitative relations between these properties for the Earth's crust. Wireline borehole logs, vertical seismic profiles, laboratory measurements, and seismic tomography models provide a diverse dataset for deriving empirical relations between crustal V p and V s. The proposed V s as a function of V p relations fit V s and V p borehole logs in Quaternary alluvium and Salinian granites as well as laboratory measurements over a 7-km/sec-wide range in V p. The relations derived here are very close to those used to develop a regional 3D velocity model for southern California, based on pre-1970 data, and thus provide support for that model. These data, and these relations, show a rapid increase in V s as V p increases to 3.5 km/sec leading to higher shear-wave velocities in young sedimentary deposits than commonly assumed. These relations, appropriate for active continental margins where earthquakes are prone to occur, suggests that amplification of strong ground motions by shallow geologic deposits may not be as large as predicted by some earlier models.

Empirical relations between elastic wavespeeds and density in the Earth's crust

Rock Physics of Unconventional Shale: Wireline Data and Theory

F043 ROCK PHYSICS DIAGNOSTICS FOR POROSITY AND LITHOLOGY MAPPING IN NE GOM Summary We apply a rock physics analysis to well log data from the North-East Gulf of Mexico to establish an effectivemedium transform between the acoustic and elastic impedance on the one hand and lithology pore fluid and porosity on the other hand. These transforms are upscaled and applied to acoustic and elastic impedance inversion volumes to map lithology and porosity. Introduction The ultimate goal of the geoscientist is to determine the reservoir properties (lithology and porosity) and conditions (pore fluid and pressure) from seismic data. This goal can

Rock Physics Diagnostics for Porosity and Lithology Mapping in NE GOM

Carbonates are highly susceptible to physical, chemical, and biological alterations during sedimentation and post-deposition. This often results in the complexity of trends between geophysical observables and measurable rock properties. Carbonates are classified based on the amounts of allochems (transported grains and fossils), carbonate cement (sparite), and microcrystalline calcite matrix (micrite). These components can strongly affect rock properties. By examining a new dataset comprised of outcrop samples, we concentrate on the effect of micrite on the elastic-wave velocity, porosity, and permeability. The fraction of micrite is quantified from micro-CT images subject to subsequent image processing to delineate calcite grains, micrite patches, and macroscopic pore space.

Jack Dvorkin

Papers

Rock Physics of Unconventional Shale: Wireline Data and Theory

Rock Physics Diagnostics for Porosity and Lithology Mapping in NE GOM

The Effect of Micrite Content on Porosity, Permeability, and Acoustic Velocity of Carbonate Rocks.

Acoustic Properties in Petroliferous Liquids

Cumulative Seismic Attribute for Phi H Determination