抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The teaching of qualitative analysis in the social sciences is rarely undertaken in a structured way. This handbook is designed to remedy that and to present students and researchers with a systematic method for interpreting qualitative data', whether derived from interviews, field notes, or documentary materials. The special emphasis of the book is on how to develop theory through qualitative analysis. The reader is provided with the tools for doing qualitative analysis, such as codes, memos, memo sequences, theoretical sampling and comparative analysis, and diagrams, all of which are abundantly illustrated by actual examples drawn from the author's own varied qualitative research and research consultations, as well as from his research seminars. Many of the procedural discussions are concluded with rules of thumb that can usefully guide the researchers' analytic operations. The difficulties that beginners encounter when doing qualitative analysis and the kinds of persistent questions they raise are also discussed, as is the problem of how to integrate analyses. In addition, there is a chapter on the teaching of qualitative analysis and the giving of useful advice during research consultations, and there is a discussion of the preparation of material for publication. The book has been written not only for sociologists but for all researchers in the social sciences and in such fields as education, public health, nursing, and administration who employ qualitative methods in their work.

Qualitative analysis for social scientists

BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

Preface - Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln About the Editors About the Contributors 1. Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research - Norman K.Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln I. Methods of Collecting and Analyzing Empirical Materials 2. Narrative Inquiry: Still a Field in the Making - Susan E. Chase 3. Critical Arts-based Inquiry: The Pedagogy and Performance of a Radical Ethical Aesthetic - Susan Finley 4. Oral History - Linda Shopes 5. Observations on Observation: Continuities and Challenges - Michael Angrosino and Judith Rosenberg 6. Visual Methodology: Toward a More Seeing Research - Jon D. Prosser 7. Performative Autoethnography: Critical Embodiments and Possibilities - Tami Spry 8. The Methods, Politics, and Ethics of Representation in Online Ethnography - Sarah Gaston 9. Analyzing Talk and Text - Anssi Parakyla and Johanna Ruusuvuori 10. Focus Groups: Contingent Articulations of Pedagogy, Politics, and Inquiry - George Kamberelis and Greg Dimitriadis II. The Art and Practices of Interpretation, Evaluation, and Presentation 11. Qualitative Research, Science, and Government: Evidence, Criteria, Policy, and Politics - Harry Torrance 12. Reflections on Interpretive Adequacy in Qualitative Research - David L. Altheide and John M. Johnson 13. Analysis and Representation Across the Continuum - Laura L. Ellingson 14. Post Qualitative Research: The Critique and the Coming After - Elisabeth Adams St. Pierre 15. Qualitative Research and Technology: In the Midst of a Revolution - Judith Davidson and Silvana diGregorio 16. The Elephant in the Living Room, or Extending the Conversation About the Politics of Evidence - Norman K. Denzin 17. Writing into Position: Strategies for Composition and Evaluation - Ronald J. Pelias 18. Evaluation as a Relationally Responsible Practice - Tineke Abma and Guy A.M. Widdershoven, Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln Author Index Subject Index

Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials

1. Plant Nutrients. 2. The Soil as a Plant Nutrient Medium. 3. Nutrient Uptake and Assimilation. 4. Plant Water Relationships. 5. Plant Growth and Crop Production. 6. Fertilizer Application. 7. Nitrogen. 8. Sulphur. 9. Phosphorus. 10. Potassium. 11. Calcium. 12. Magnesium. 13. Iron. 14. Manganese. 15. Zinc. 16. Copper. 17. Molybdenum. 18. Boron. 19. Further Elements of Importance. 20. Elements with More Toxic Effects. General Readings. References. Index.

/pdf/principles-of-plant-nutrition-2k4wl46ou6.pdf

Principles of plant nutrition

Starch, a major storage metabolite in plants, positively affects the agricultural yield of a number of crops. Its biosynthetic reactions use adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPGlc) as a substrate; ADPGlc pyrophosphorylase, the enzyme involved in ADPGlc formation, is regulated by allosteric effectors. Evidence that this plastidial enzyme catalyzes a rate-limiting reaction in starch biosynthesis was derived by expression in plants of a gene that encodes a regulatory variant of this enzyme. Allosteric regulation was demonstrated to be the major physiological mechanism that controls starch biosynthesis. Thus, plant and bacterial systems for starch and glycogen biosynthesis are similar and distinct from yeast and mammalian systems, wherein glycogen synthase has been demonstrated to be the rate-limiting regulatory step.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/258/5080/287.full.pdf

Regulation of the Amount of Starch in Plant Tissues by ADP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

From glycogen to amylopectin: a model for the biogenesis of the plant starch granule.

ALLOSTERIC REGULATION OF ADP-GLUCOSE-PYROPHOSPHORYLASE ACTIVITY ... . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .... 425 Activators. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 425 Inhibitors ....... 428 EvidenCE' Indicating that Allosteric Regulation of Bacterial ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase Has In Vivo Functionality..... . . . . . . . . 432 EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ADP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORY­ LASES BASED ON ACTIVATOR SPECIFICITY AND IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 432 BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE ACTIVATOR BINDING SITE OF E. COLI ADPGLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Specificity of Activation . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . ...... .... . . . . . . . . . . .... 437 Chemical Modification of the Activator Site of the E. coliADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase . . .... ......... 438 Compar/son of the Amino-Terminal Sequences of Other Bacterial ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylases with the E. coli ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase ... 440 GENETIC REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS IN E. COLI AND IN S. 1YPHIMURIUM . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 442 Possible Regulation by Cyclic AMP .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . 443 Location of the Glycogen Genes in the Linkage Maps ofE. coli B. E. coli K12. and S. typhimurium LT-2 444 Cloning of the Glycogen Biosynthetic Enzyme Structural Genes of E. coli . . . . . . . . . . .. 446

Bacterial glycogen synthesis and its regulation

Functional analysis of conserved histidines in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Escherichia coli.

INTRODUCTION . REGULATION OF STARCH SYNTHESIS IN ALGAE, CYANOBACTERIA, AND LEAVES . . ...... . . . In vivo Evidence Strongly Suggesting that the [3-P-glycerate]l[P,] Regulates Leaf Starch Synthesis . Regulation of ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylase from Nonchlorophyllous Plant Tissue . Native and Subunit Molecular Weight of the ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylase ....... . SYNTHESIS OF STARCH FROM SUCROSE IN RESERVE TiSSUES . Properties of Sucrose Synthase . . SYNTHESIS OF SUCROSE IN PLANTS . Properties and Regulation of Sucrose-P Synthase . Sucrose-6-Phosphate Phosphatase . Localization of Sucrose Synthesis and Questions Concerning Partition of Photosynthetic Carbon Between Sucrose and Starch . DEGRADATION OF STARCH . Localization of Starch Degradative Enzymes in Leaves. . Properties of Leaf Amylases . Properties of the Spinach Leaf Phosphorylases . Pathway of Starch Degradation in Leaves . Regulation of the Leaf Starch Degradative Enzymes .

Jack Preiss

Papers

Regulation of the Amount of Starch in Plant Tissues by ADP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase

From glycogen to amylopectin: a model for the biogenesis of the plant starch granule.

Bacterial glycogen synthesis and its regulation

Functional analysis of conserved histidines in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Escherichia coli.

Regulation of the Biosynthesis and Degradation of Starch