The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.

https://www.reciis.icict.fiocruz.br/index.php/reciis/article/download/794/1436

Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences

The UMLS Metathesaurus, the largest thesaurus in the biomedical domain, provides a representation of biomedical knowledge consisting of concepts classified by semantic type and both hierarchical and non-hierarchical relationships among the concepts. This knowledge has proved useful for many applications including decision support systems, management of patient records, information retrieval (IR) and data mining. Gaining effective access to the knowledge is critical to the success of these applications. This paper describes MetaMap, a program developed at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to map biomedical text to the Metathesaurus or, equivalently, to discover Metathesaurus concepts referred to in text. MetaMap uses a knowledge intensive approach based on symbolic, natural language processing (NLP) and computational linguistic techniques. Besides being applied for both IR and data mining applications, MetaMap is one of the foundations of NLM's Indexing Initiative System which is being applied to both semi-automatic and fully automatic indexing of the biomedical literature at the library.

Effective mapping of biomedical text to the UMLS Metathesaurus: the MetaMap program

This introduction presents the main motivations for the development of Description Logics (DLs) as a formalism for representing knowledge, as well as some important basic notions underlying all systems that have been created in the DL tradition. In addition, we provide the reader with an overview of the entire book and some guidelines for reading it. We first address the relationship between Description Logics and earlier semantic network and frame systems, which represent the original heritage of the field. We delve into some of the key problems encountered with the older efforts. Subsequently, we introduce the basic features of DL languages and related reasoning techniques. DL languages are then viewed as the core of knowledge representation systems, considering both the structure of a DL knowledge base and its associated reasoning services. The development of some implemented knowledge representation systems based on Description Logics and the first applications built with such systems are then reviewed. Finally, we address the relationship of Description Logics to other fields of Computer Science.We also discuss some extensions of the basic representation language machinery; these include features proposed for incorporation in the formalism that originally arose in implemented systems, and features proposed to cope with the needs of certain application domains.

https://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/76254/frontmatter/9780521876254_frontmatter.pdf

The Description Logic Handbook

https://www.acilci.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Guidelines-for-reporting-reliability-and-agreement-studies-GRRAS-were-proposed.pdf

Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were proposed.

Best practices in ontology building for biomedicine have been frequently discussed in recent years. However there is a range of seemingly disparate views represented by experts in the field. These views not only reflect the different uses to which ontologies are put, but also the experiences and disciplinary background of these experts themselves. We asked six questions related to biomedical ontologies to what we believe is a representative sample of ontologists in the biomedical field and came to a number conclusions which we believe can help provide an insight into the practical problems which ontology builders face today.

Six questions on the construction of ontologies in biomedicine

Data management is a critical aspect of clinical research. The plan for management of research data must be established prior to the initiation of the actual research to demonstrate rigor and transparency, with the goal of making the research reproducible. Attention must be paid to the sources of data, the method by which they will be collected and represented, and how they will be stored and maintained. Metadata should be clearly defined and existing, accepted standards should be adopted wherever possible and reasonable. Researchers must maintain a constant awareness that the data they accrue are proxies for the actual events and objects in the real world and be on guard for biases that the collection process may introduce.

Chapter 31 – Clinical Research Data: Characteristics, Representation, Storage, and Retrieval

The MI-HEART Project

Objective: To identify major research topics and exhibit trends in these topics in 15 health services research, health policy, and health economics journals over 2 decades. Data Sources: The study sample of 35,159 abstracts (1999–2020) were collected from PubMed for 15 journals. Study Design: The study used a 3-phase approach for text analyses: (1) developing the corpus of 40,618 references from PubMed (excluding 5459 of those without abstract or author information); (2) preprocessing and generating the term list using natural language processing to eliminate irrelevant textual data and identify important terms and phrases; (3) analyzing the preprocessed text data using latent semantic analysis, topic analyses, and multiple correspondence analysis. Principal Findings: Application of analyses generated 16 major research topics: (1) implementation/intervention science; (2) HIV and women’s health; (3) outcomes research and quality; (4) veterans/military studies; (5) provider/primary-care interventions; (6) geriatrics and formal/informal care; (7) policies and health outcomes; (8) medication treatment/therapy; (9) patient interventions; (10) health insurance legislation and policies; (11) public health policies; (12) literature reviews; (13) cost-effectiveness and economic evaluation; (14) cancer care; (15) workforce issues; and (16) socioeconomic status and disparities. The 2-dimensional map revealed that some journals have stronger associations with specific topics. Findings were not consistent with previous studies based on user perceptions. Conclusion: Findings of this study can be used by the stakeholders of health services research, policy, and economics to develop future research agendas, target journal submissions, and generate interdisciplinary solutions by examining overlapping journals for particular topics.

Mapping 2 Decades of Research in Health Services Research, Health Policy, and Health Economics Journals

Objective: Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) has advanced for patients who receive it quickly, yet not all do'. Computer technology can provide educational programs reducing delays in receiving treatment if based on an understanding of lay people's reasoning about health, illness, AMI, and technology. In order to design educational programs that will achieve desired changes in lay behavior, a better understanding of lay knowledge and reasoning is needed2. We therefore examined lay conceptualizations of health and illness, how these conceptualizations are translated into action, and knowledge sources about health and illness. Methods: Subjects: Three groups of subjects were drawn from: 1) patients at risk for AMI, 2) patients with illnesses other than cardiac, and 3) lay people identified as healthy. Procedure: Semi-structured interviews were conducted focusing on lay reasoning about health and illness, particularly AMI. Scenarios were developed describing varying levels of gravity requiring different levels of urgency of action, and subjects were instructed to think aloud as they reasoned through the problems. All interviews were audio recorded for subsequent analysis. Analysis: Specific concepts were identified in the verbally generated protocols based on coding categories developed from the literature and our own research3. Findings: (1) Health is predominantly described as feeling well and able to carry out daily activities independently while illness is perceived as a reduction in that ability. Healthy subjects put more emphasis on absence of illness and symptoms in their descriptions of what it means to be healthy compared with subjects with illness. (2) The major source of health-related information reported by subjects was their physician, with friends, family, the media, and the Internet being represented as well. Healthy subjects relied less on physicians and more on informal sources, including technology. (3) Knowledge about disease: All three groups of subjects identified some symptoms of AMI, i.e. chest pain and dyspnea, but were less able to identify other symptoms. None could identify all or even most symptoms. (4) When confronted with these symptoms in scenarios, the most frequent response by each group of subjects was to access emergency services, which was appropriate to the gravity of the situation. Both groups of subjects with illness also responded by contacting family members or friends. Conclusions: Differences between the health and illness models of healthy subjects compared with those who have had experience with illness suggests that experience molds those models, with the understanding of wellness in particular developing through …

James J. Cimino

Papers

Six questions on the construction of ontologies in biomedicine

Chapter 31 – Clinical Research Data: Characteristics, Representation, Storage, and Retrieval

The MI-HEART Project

Mapping 2 Decades of Research in Health Services Research, Health Policy, and Health Economics Journals

Influence of Lay Conceptions of Health and Illness on Health Care Decision-Making: Implications for the Development of Technological Support.