Hypertension is an important factor in cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like synthetic drugs are widely used to control hypertension. ACE-inhibitory peptides from food origins could be a good alternative to synthetic drugs. A number of plant-based peptides have been investigated for their potential ACE inhibitor activities by using in vitro and in vivo assays. These plant-based peptides can be obtained by solvent extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis with or without novel food processing methods, and fermentation. ACE-inhibitory activities of peptides can be affected by their structural characteristics such as chain length, composition and sequence. ACE-inhibitory peptides should have gastrointestinal stability and reach the cardiovascular system to show their bioactivity. This paper reviews the current literature on plant-derived ACE-inhibitory peptides including their sources, production and structure, as well as their activity by in vitro and in vivo studies and their bioavailability.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/4/316/pdf

Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory Peptides from Plants.

Therapeutic significance of β-glucuronidase activity and its inhibitors: A review.

Recent advances in untargeted and targeted approaches applied in herbal-extracts and essential-oils fingerprinting - A review.

An update on the health benefits promoted by edible flowers and involved mechanisms

Piper betle L., belonging to Piperaceae family, known as a traditional herbal medicinal plant and used for several health benefits in Asian countries. Currently, demand for its products such as herbal drugs, medicines, and natural herbal formulations has increased. The beneficial effects of betel leaves and its products have traditionally exploited for the treatment of several diseases like bad breath, cuts, injuries, inflammations, cold cough, indigestion, etc. Till now, a broad range of bioactive compounds including polyphenols, terpenes, etc., has been identified from the extracts and essential oil (EO) of betel leaves. The structural and functional characterization of the extract and EO bio-actives has been derived by various advanced standard methods. Most of the health-related benefits of betel leaves have been associated with their bioactive phenolic compounds. The extract of this highly perishable product can be used in organic synthesis, food, and beverage industry, pharmaceuticals, etc., to the environmental issues. The present review provides information on extraction techniques, identification of bioactive compounds, and their biological activities. That apart, information on processing, preservation, and health benefits along with their mechanisms has also been added.

Bio-actives of betel leaf (Piper betle L.): A comprehensive review on extraction, isolation, characterization, and biological activity.

Essential oil of Piper betle L. leaves: Chemical composition, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-β-glucuronidase and cytotoxic properties

The flower extracts of two cultivated varieties of Musa X paradisiaca viz. Kanthali and Kancha Kela were assayed against the enzymes α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, β-glucuronidase and Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme, which are related to different diseased states like diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, hepatic disorder and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. The extracts inhibited all the enzymes except α-amylase by Musa X paradisiaca cv. Kanthali. Significantly high activities were observed in both the cultivated varieties for inhibiting the enzymes β-glucuronidase and Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme with respect to the known inhibitors of such enzymes silymarin and Lisinopril, respectively. The chemical constituents present in the methanol extracts were profiled following GC-MS based metabolomics approach. Eleven organic acids, seven sugars and sugar alcohols, six fatty acids, three phenols, two amino acids and a sterol could be identified.



Practical Applications

The male flowers of Musa X paradisiaca are cooked as vegetable in South-East Asia. The flowers are also useful in diabetes. Enzyme inhibitors have properties to prevent or control different noninfectious diseases. So, the flower extracts of two varieties of the plant were assayed for their activities against the glycosidases, acetylcholinesterase, β-glucuronidase and Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme. The activities of the flower extracts against the enzymes suggest that they may have beneficial effects in controlling diseases.

Metabolite Profile and Bioactivity of Musa X Paradisiaca L. Flower Extracts

Metabolomics and chemometric study for identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor(s) from the flower extracts of Nymphaea pubescens

Phoenix sylvestris is an underutilized seasonal fruit in West Bengal, India. Methanol extract and extracts after alkaline hydrolysis of the mesocarp tissue of full-mature edible fruits of P. sylvestris were analyzed by GC-MS following a metabolomics approach. The fractions were tested for their antioxidant and inhibitory properties against the two key enzymes involved in diabetes, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Total 71 metabolites belonging to organic acids, amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, fatty acids, and phenols were identified in the methanol extract and in fractions after saponification. All the extracts and fractions showed high antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Sugars like raffinose (IC50 = 0.36 μM), sucrose (IC50 = 0.51 μM), trehalose (IC50 = 0.85 μM), and phenols like taxifolin (IC50 = 0.31 μM), benzoic acid (IC50 = 2.74 μM) inhibited only the enzyme α-amylase. Phenolic components which inhibited both the enzymes were caffeic acid (IC50 = 1.42 μM for α-a...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10942912.2016.1263863

Metabolite profiling, antioxidant activity, and glycosidase inhibition property of the mesocarp tissue extracts of sugar date palm [Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.] fruits

Jayashree Acharya

Papers

Essential oil of Piper betle L. leaves: Chemical composition, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-β-glucuronidase and cytotoxic properties

Metabolite Profile and Bioactivity of Musa X Paradisiaca L. Flower Extracts

Metabolomics and chemometric study for identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor(s) from the flower extracts of Nymphaea pubescens

Metabolite profiling, antioxidant activity, and glycosidase inhibition property of the mesocarp tissue extracts of sugar date palm [Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.] fruits

Profiling non-polar terpenes of rhizomes for distinguishing some Indian Curcuma species