There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The need to develop inexpensive renewable energy sources stimulates scientific research for efficient, low-cost photovoltaic devices.1 The organic, polymer-based photovoltaic elements have introduced at least the potential of obtaining cheap and easy methods to produce energy from light.2 The possibility of chemically manipulating the material properties of polymers (plastics) combined with a variety of easy and cheap processing techniques has made polymer-based materials present in almost every aspect of modern society.3 Organic semiconductors have several advantages: (a) lowcost synthesis, and (b) easy manufacture of thin film devices by vacuum evaporation/sublimation or solution cast or printing technologies. Furthermore, organic semiconductor thin films may show high absorption coefficients4 exceeding 105 cm-1, which makes them good chromophores for optoelectronic applications. The electronic band gap of organic semiconductors can be engineered by chemical synthesis for simple color changing of light emitting diodes (LEDs).5 Charge carrier mobilities as high as 10 cm2/V‚s6 made them competitive with amorphous silicon.7 This review is organized as follows. In the first part, we will give a general introduction to the materials, production techniques, working principles, critical parameters, and stability of the organic solar cells. In the second part, we will focus on conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells, mainly on polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) derivatives/(1-(3-methoxycarbonyl) propyl-1-phenyl[6,6]C61) (PCBM) fullerene derivatives and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/PCBM systems. In the third part, we will discuss the alternative approaches such as polymer/polymer solar cells and organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells. In the fourth part, we will suggest possible routes for further improvements and finish with some conclusions. The different papers mentioned in the text have been chosen for didactical purposes and cannot reflect the chronology of the research field nor have a claim of completeness. The further interested reader is referred to the vast amount of quality papers published in this field during the past decade.

Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells

-phenylenevinylene)s L4. Fluorene-Based Conjugated Polymers L4.1. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingElectron-Rich MoietiesM4.2. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingElectron-Deﬁcient MoietiesN4.3. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingPhosphorescent ComplexesQ5. Carbazole-Based Conjugated Polymers R5.1. Poly(2,7-carbazole)-Based Polymers R5.2. Indolo[3,2-

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/6508/1/000271856900020.pdf

Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cell Applications

Sun is the largest carbon-neutral energy source that has not been fully utilized. Although there are solar cell devices based on inorganic semiconductor to efficiently harvest solar energy, the cost of these conventional devices is too high to be economically viable. This is the major motivation for the development of organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials and devices, which are envisioned to exhibit advantages such as low cost, flexibility, and abundant availability. [1] The past success in organic light-emitting diodes provides scientists with confidence that organic photovoltaic devices will be a vital alternate to the inorganic counterpart. At the heart of the OPV technology advantage is the easiness of the fabrication, which holds the promise of very low-cost manufacturing process. A simple, yet successful technique is the solution-processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell composed of electron-donating semiconducting polymers and electron-withdrawing fullerides as active layers. [2] The composite active layer can be prepared as a large area in a single step by using techniques such as spin-coating, inkjet-printing, spraycoating, gravure-coating, roller-casting etc. [3] In the last fifteen years, a significant progress has been made on the improvement of the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of polymer BHJ solar cells, and the achieved efficiencies have evolved from less than 1% in the poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) system in 1995, [2] to 4‐5% in the poly(3-hexylthiphene) (P3HT) system in 2005, [4] to around 6%, as reported recently. [5] However, the efficiency of polymer solar cells is still significantly lower than their inorganic counterparts, such as silicon, CdTe and CIGS, which prevents practical applications in large scale.

For the Bright Future—Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiency of 7.4%

L'electrooxydation des bis-1;3-(1,4-dithiafulvene-6-yl)benzenes 1 conduit a des polymeres electroactifs. Les films presentent un systeme redox reversible et stable

Électropolymérisation des bis-1,3-(1,4-dithiafulvène-6-yl)benzènes

A π-conjugated {C} 3 h -oligomerinvolving three dithienylethylene branches bridged at the meta positions of a central benzenic core has been synthesized and deposited either on the Si(100) surface or on the highly orientedpyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. On the silicon surface, scanning tunneling microscopy allows the observation of isolated molecules. Conversely, when the thiophene rings of the oligomers are substituted with alkyl chains, a spontaneous ordered film is observed on the HOPG surface. As the interaction of the oligomers is different with both surfaces, the utility of the Si(100) surface to characterize individual oligomers prior to their use into a two-dimensional layer is discussed.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00688536/document

Adsorption Behavior of Conjugated {C}3-Oligomers on Si(100) and Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite Surfaces

The synthesis of podands with cyanuric or isocyanuric acid cores and oligoethyleneoxy pendant arms exhibiting terminal triple bonds or brominated triple bonds is reported. The starting material for cyanuric acid derived podands is commercially available cyanuric acid, while the isocyanuric derivatives are obtained by thermal isomerization of the corresponding cyanurates.

Synthesis of Podands with Cyanurateor Isocyanurate Cores and Terminal Triple Bonds

Electroactivity of poly(thiophenes) containing oxyalkyl substituents

The effects of replacing one of the outer phenyl rings of triphenylamine by 2-anthryl and 9-anthryl groups of triphenylamine (TPA) have been investigated on two small push-pull molecules consisting of a triarylamine donor block connected to a dicyanovinyl acceptor via a thienyl spacer. UV-Vis absorption, cyclic voltammetry and theoretical calculations show that the mode of linkage of the anthryl group has a limited influence on the electronic properties of the molecule compared to reference compound based on TPA. However experimental and theoretical results show that this simple structural modification exerts a major impact on the hole-mobility of the resulting materials and thus on their efficiency as donor in planar heterojunction solar cells.

Effects of Anthryl Groups on the Charge Transport and Photovoltaic Properties of Small Triarylamine-Based Donor-Acceptor Molecules: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study

Jean Roncali

Papers

Électropolymérisation des bis-1,3-(1,4-dithiafulvène-6-yl)benzènes

Adsorption Behavior of Conjugated {C}3-Oligomers on Si(100) and Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite Surfaces

Synthesis of Podands with Cyanurateor Isocyanurate Cores and Terminal Triple Bonds

Electroactivity of poly(thiophenes) containing oxyalkyl substituents

Effects of Anthryl Groups on the Charge Transport and Photovoltaic Properties of Small Triarylamine-Based Donor-Acceptor Molecules: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study