THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Application of chitosan and its derivatives as adsorbents for dye removal from water and wastewater: a review.

Removal of colorants from wastewater: A review on sources and treatment strategies

Regeneration of chitosan-based adsorbents used in heavy metal adsorption: A review

In this opinion paper, the current scenario and the main challenges in adsorption for water treatment are presented shortly. It is expected that this discussion paper will serve as a fast literature directive to support new ideas and novel investigations in the field. A general background about the topic is first presented. Subsequently, some important aspects that are well developed in literature are discussed, including adsorbent materials, adsorption operation mode, modeling, regeneration, and process operation with real samples. In the last section, it has been pointed out what should likely be the next steps required to advance in this knowledge.

Current scenario and challenges in adsorption for water treatment

Chitosan is a natural polymer that has been employed in dye adsorption. In this work, adsorption and thermodynamic data for the interaction of FD&C Red n° 40 food dye with chitosan in aqueous solutions were investigated. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms were determined by the batch method, from 298 to 338 K. Adsorption data were adjusted to five isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich, in order to determine which presented the best adjustment to the experimental data. Error analysis showed that the Langmuir isotherm model was the most appropriate for fitting the experimental data, with a maximum monolayer adsorption of 3065.8 µmol g-1 at 308 K. Negative enthalpy (-112.7 kJ mol-1), entropy (-0.338 kJ mol-1 K-1) and Gibbs free energy (-15.6 to 1.0 kJ mol-1) values demonstrated that the adsorption process is exothermic, spontaneous, favorable, and that randomness of the system decreases during the adsorption process.

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Adsorption isotherms and thermochemical data of fd&c red n° 40 binding by chitosan

Kinetics and isotherms of leather dye adsorption by tannery solid waste

Adsorption is a fundamental unit operation used for several purposes in the academy and industry. Particularly, adsorption in liquid phase is used to remove recalcitrant compounds from effluents (dyes, heavy metals, phenols, pharmaceuticals, and others), to recover valuable metals from leachates (gold, silver, cobalt, and others), and to purify products during the industrial processing (fuels, juices, liquors, wines, and others). For all these applications, the obtainment, modeling, and interpretation of the equilibrium isotherms are a key and fundamental study. Based on the abovementioned, this chapter presents the particularities of adsorption equilibrium isotherms in liquid phase from scientific and technological viewpoints. From the scientific viewpoint, the importance of adsorption isotherms will be addressed. For example, the equilibrium isotherms provide parameters for decision-making of the researcher in relation to the adsorption capacity of a particular adsorbent, give an idea how the interaction of adsorbent–adsorbate occurs, and provide means to find thermodynamic parameters, among others. From technological viewpoint, the adsorption capacity of the material is a basic parameter for the project. Thus, in this chapter the following points are highlighted: experimental procedures to obtain equilibrium curves, isotherm analysis, models used to correlate the equilibrium data and interpretation of its parameters, regression methods (comparison between linear and nonlinear regression methods), error analysis, adsorption thermodynamics, and the use of these data for equipment design.

Adsorption Isotherms in Liquid Phase: Experimental, Modeling, and Interpretations

Adsorption of FD&C Red No. 40 by chitosan: isotherms analysis.

Water contaminants have attracted considerable research attention owing to the safety risks they pose when present in drinking water consumed by humans and animals, where their high toxicity and bioaccumulation characteristics in biological tissues can cause severe health problems. Caffeine is an emerging contaminant due to its high consumption by the general population, and it can be used to track pollution caused by humans. Approximately 5% of ingested caffeine is excreted through the urine as it cannot be completely metabolized. The caffeine removal efficiency of conventional wastewater treatment methods varies with the system. In addition, studies have reported higher caffeine concentrations in water resources than in water treated in wastewater treatment plants, indicating that effluents are being illegally discharged into rivers. Therefore, alternative caffeine treatment methods have been studied, including adsorption, advanced oxidative processes, bioremediation, and membrane separation. This paper presents a literature review of methods for caffeine removal from aqueous solutions and real effluents, and it covers the main results and limitations of each method. The Scopus database was used to identify relevant articles on caffeine removal. Through the review, it is concluded that even with promising application trends, the current methods developed for caffeine removal present several limitations, often include the complexity of the mechanisms of action, quantification of the contaminants in real effluents, and low sustainability of the technique.

Jeferson Steffanello Piccin

Papers

Adsorption isotherms and thermochemical data of fd&c red n° 40 binding by chitosan

Kinetics and isotherms of leather dye adsorption by tannery solid waste

Adsorption Isotherms in Liquid Phase: Experimental, Modeling, and Interpretations

Adsorption of FD&C Red No. 40 by chitosan: isotherms analysis.

Alternative techniques for caffeine removal from wastewater: An overview of opportunities and challenges