다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

ABCD
: Appropriate Blood pressure Control in Diabetes
ABI
: ankle–brachial index
ABPM
: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
ACCESS
: Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survival
ACCOMPLISH
: Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension
ACCORD
: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACTIVE I
: Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events
ADVANCE
: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled Evaluation
AHEAD
: Action for HEAlth in Diabetes
ALLHAT
: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtack
ALTITUDE
: ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal Endpoints
ANTIPAF
: ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
APOLLO
: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly People
ARB
: angiotensin receptor blocker
ARIC
: Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities
ARR
: aldosterone renin ratio
ASCOT
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial
ASCOT-LLA
: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm
ASTRAL
: Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery Lesions
A-V
: atrioventricular
BB
: beta-blocker
BMI
: body mass index
BP
: blood pressure
BSA
: body surface area
CA
: calcium antagonist
CABG
: coronary artery bypass graft
CAPPP
: CAPtopril Prevention Project
CAPRAF
: CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial Fibrillation
CHD
: coronary heart disease
CHHIPS
: Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-Stroke
CKD
: chronic kidney disease
CKD-EPI
: Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaboration
CONVINCE
: Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV Endpoints
CT
: computed tomography
CV
: cardiovascular
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
D
: diuretic
DASH
: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
DBP
: diastolic blood pressure
DCCT
: Diabetes Control and Complications Study
DIRECT
: DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials
DM
: diabetes mellitus
DPP-4
: dipeptidyl peptidase 4
EAS
: European Atherosclerosis Society
EASD
: European Association for the Study of Diabetes
ECG
: electrocardiogram
EF
: ejection fraction
eGFR
: estimated glomerular filtration rate
ELSA
: European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis
ESC
: European Society of Cardiology
ESH
: European Society of Hypertension
ESRD
: end-stage renal disease
EXPLOR
: Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol Combination
FDA
: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FEVER
: Felodipine EVent Reduction study
GISSI-AF
: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Atrial Fibrillation
HbA1c
: glycated haemoglobin
HBPM
: home blood pressure monitoring
HOPE
: Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation
HOT
: Hypertension Optimal Treatment
HRT
: hormone replacement therapy
HT
: hypertension
HYVET
: HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial
IMT
: intima-media thickness
I-PRESERVE
: Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function
INTERHEART
: Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries
INVEST
: INternational VErapamil SR/T Trandolapril
ISH
: Isolated systolic hypertension
JNC
: Joint National Committee
JUPITER
: Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin
LAVi
: left atrial volume index
LIFE
: Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertensives
LV
: left ventricle/left ventricular
LVH
: left ventricular hypertrophy
LVM
: left ventricular mass
MDRD
: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
MRFIT
: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
MRI
: magnetic resonance imaging
NORDIL
: The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention study
OC
: oral contraceptive
OD
: organ damage
ONTARGET
: ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial
PAD
: peripheral artery disease
PATHS
: Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension Study
PCI
: percutaneous coronary intervention
PPAR
: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PREVEND
: Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage Disease
PROFESS
: Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary Strokes
PROGRESS
: Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study
PWV
: pulse wave velocity
QALY
: Quality adjusted life years
RAA
: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
RAS
: renin-angiotensin system
RCT
: randomized controlled trials
RF
: risk factor
ROADMAP
: Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria Prevention
SBP
: systolic blood pressure
SCAST
: Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STroke
SCOPE
: Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the Elderly
SCORE
: Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation
SHEP
: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
STOP
: Swedish Trials in Old Patients with Hypertension
STOP-2
: The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension
SYSTCHINA
: SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trial
SYSTEUR
: SYSTolic Hypertension in Europe
TIA
: transient ischaemic attack
TOHP
: Trials Of Hypertension Prevention
TRANSCEND
: Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease
UKPDS
: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
VADT
: Veterans' Affairs Diabetes Trial
VALUE
: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation
WHO
: World Health Organization

### 1.1 Principles

The 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …

/pdf/2013-esh-esc-guidelines-for-the-management-of-arterial-4ydvs5ifsx.pdf

2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

The rapid technological developments of the past decade and the changes in echocardiographic practice brought about by these developments have resulted in the need for updated recommendations to the previously published guidelines for cardiac chamber quantification, which was the goal of the joint writing group assembled by the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. This document provides updated normal values for all four cardiac chambers, including three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial deformation, when possible, on the basis of considerably larger numbers of normal subjects, compiled from multiple databases. In addition, this document attempts to eliminate several minor discrepancies that existed between previously published guidelines.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/5953422/file/5953443.pdf

Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

Variability in global longitudinal strain measurements between different vendors: Where do we stand? The EACVI-ASE-Inter-Vendor Comparison Study

How does regional wall thickness influence strain measurements

edn., 1994. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger. 2 Thomas JD. The DICOM image formatting standard: What it means for echocardiographers. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995; 8 : 319–27. 3 Evangelista A, Flachskampf F, Lancellotti P, et al . European Association of Echocardiography. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for standardization of performance, digital storage and reporting of echocardiographic studies. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9 : 438–48. 4 Flachskampf FA, Decoodt P, Fraser AG, et al . Recommendations for performing transesophageal echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2001; 2 : 8–21. 5 Roelandt JRTC, Thomson IR, Vletter WB, et al . Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography: latest evolution in an imaging revolution. J Am Soc Echo 1992; 5 : 361–7. 6 Flachskampf FA, Hoffmann R, Verlande M, et al . Initial experience with a multiplane transesophageal echo-transducer: assessment of diagnostic potential. Eur Heart J 1992 ; 13 : 1201–6. 7 Daniel WG, Erbel R, Kasper W, et al . Safety of transesophageal echocardiography. A multicenter survey of 10,419 examinations. Circulation 1991; 83 : 817–21. 8 Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Evangelista A, et al . European Association of Echocardiography. Stress echocardiography expert consensus statement: European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) (a registered branch of the ESC). Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9 : 415–37. 9 Marwick TH, Case C, Sawada S, et al . Prediction of mortality using dobutamine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37 : 754–60. 10 Marwick TH, Case C, Vasey C, et al . Prediction of mortality by exercise echocardiography. A strategy for combination with the Duke treadmill score. Circulation 2001; 103 : 2566–71. 11 Poldermans D, Hoeks SE, Feringa HH. Pre-operative risk assessment and risk reduction before surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51 : 1913–24. 12 Voigt JU, Exner B, Schmiedehausen K, et al . Strain rate imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography provides objective evidence of inducible ischemia. Circulation 2003; 107 : 2120–6. 13 Iliceto S, Marangelli V, Memmola C, et al . Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography evaluation of coronary blood fl ow velocity in baseline conditions and during dipyridamoleinduced coronary vasodilation. Circulation 1991; 83 : 61–9. 14 Caiati C, Montaldo C, Zedda N, et al . New noninvasive method for coronary fl ow reserve assessment: contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler. Circulation 1999; 99 : 771–8. 15 Hoffmann R, Lethen H, Marwick T, et al . Analysis of interinstitutional observer agreement in the interpretation of dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27 : 330–6. 16 Hoffmann R, Marwick TH, Poldermans D et al . Refi nements in stress echocardiographic techniques improve interinstitutional agreement in interpretation of dobutamine stress echocardiograms. Eur Heart J 2002; 23 : 821–9. 17 Underwood SR, Bax JJ, vom Dahl J, et al .; Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology. Imaging techniques for the assessment of myocardial hibernation. Report of a Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004; 25 : 815–36. 18 Hanekom L, Jenkins C, Jeffries L, et al . Incremental value of strain rate analysis as an adjunct to wall-motion scoring for assessment of myocardial viability by dobutamine echocardiography: a follow-up study after revascularization. Circulation 2005; 112 : 3892–900. 19 Piérard LA, Lancellotti P. The role of ischemic mitral regurgitation in the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 : 1627–34. 20 Elhendy A, O‘Leary EL, Xie F, et al . Comparative accuracy of real-time myocardial contrast perfusion imaging and wall motion analysis during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44 : 2185–91. 21 Tsutsui JM, Elhendy A, Anderson JR, et al . Prognostic value of dobutamine stress myocardial contrast perfusion echocardiography. Circulation 2005; 112 : 1444–50. 22 Hung J, Lang R, Flachskampf F, et al . 3D echocardiography: A review of the current status and future directions. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20 : 213–33. 23 Zamorano J, Cordeiro P, Sugeng L, et al . Real-time threedimensional echocardiography for rheumatic mitral valve stenosis evaluation: an accurate and novel approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43 : 2091–6. 24 Pepi M, Tamborini G, Maltagliati A, et al . Head-to-head comparison of twoand three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the localization of mitral valve prolapse. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48 : 2524–30. 25 Groh MA, Binns OA, Burton HG 3rd, et al . Epicardial ultrasonic ablation of atrial fi brillation during concomitant cardiac surgery is a valid option in patients with ischemic heart disease. Circulation 2008; 118 (Suppl.14): S78–82. 26 Rosenschein U, Gaul G, Erbel R, et al . Percutaneous transluminal therapy of occluded saphenous vein grafts. Can the challenge be met with ultrasound thrombolysis ? Circulation 1999; 99 : 26–9. 27 Siegel RJ, Atar S, Fishbein MC, et al . Noninvasive, transthoracic, low-frequency ultrasound augments thrombolysis in a canine model of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000; 101 : 2026–9. 28 Paulus WJ, Tschope C, Sanderson JE, et al . How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007; 28 : 2539–50.

https://oxfordmedicine.com/fileasset/files/esctborefs/med-9780199566990-chapter-4.pdf

CHAPTER 4 Cardiac Ultrasound

Objectives Despite large clinical trials, there is no consensus about the best antithrombotic strategy for the secondary prevention of non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke. This retrospective study i...

/pdf/secondary-stroke-prevention-misguided-by-guidelines-1hjmvs222c.pdf

Jens-Uwe Voigt

Papers

Variability in global longitudinal strain measurements between different vendors: Where do we stand? The EACVI-ASE-Inter-Vendor Comparison Study

How does regional wall thickness influence strain measurements

CHAPTER 4 Cardiac Ultrasound

Secondary stroke prevention: misguided by guidelines?

Apical traction: a motion pattern associated with outcome in patients with pulmonary hypertension