There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

This paper reviews the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrids. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. Unidirectional charging limits hardware requirements and simplifies interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging supports battery energy injection back to the grid. Typical on-board chargers restrict power because of weight, space, and cost constraints. They can be integrated with the electric drive to avoid these problems. The availability of charging infrastructure reduces on-board energy storage requirements and costs. On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive. An off-board charger can be designed for high charging rates and is less constrained by size and weight. Level 1 (convenience), Level 2 (primary), and Level 3 (fast) power levels are discussed. Future aspects such as roadbed charging are presented. Various power level chargers and infrastructure configurations are presented, compared, and evaluated based on amount of power, charging time and location, cost, equipment, and other factors.

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Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5610941/5624686/05624745.pdf

Power electronics

Energy storage systems (ESSs) are enabling technologies for well-established and new applications such as power peak shaving, electric vehicles, integration of renewable energies, etc. This paper presents a review of ESSs for transport and grid applications, covering several aspects as the storage technology, the main applications, and the power converters used to operate some of the energy storage technologies. Special attention is given to the different applications, providing a deep description of the system and addressing the most suitable storage technology. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the subject and to give an updated reference to nonspecialist, academic, and engineers in the field of power electronics.

Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications

The issue of renewable energy is becoming significant due to increasing power demand, instability of the rising oil prices and environmental problems. Among the various renewable energy sources, fuel cell is gaining more popularity due to their higher efficiency, cleanliness and cost-effective supply of power demanded by the consumers. This paper presents a comprehensive review of different fuel cell technologies with their working principle, advantages, disadvantages and suitability of applications for residential/grid-connected system, transportation, industries and commercial applications. Development of mathematical model of fuel cell required for simulation study is discussed. This paper also focuses on the necessity of a suitable power-conditioning unit required to interface the fuel cell system with standalone/grid applications.

A review on fuel cell technologies and power electronic interface

This paper presents a new analytical representation and simulation of the phase inductance of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) using Matlab/M-file. This simulation method has many advantages: it is free from expression, can be applied widely, demonstrates inductance profile using a motor parameter only, and saves run time. Moreover, this simulation method can easily realize various SRM models unlike the existing method that limited itself to one model. Analytical expressions for inductance are welcome as they allow for easier analysis of the motor, for they can bring insights into the working, formulating control strategies and achieving high accuracy in performance computations.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8430/26590/01185420.pdf

Simulation of a switched reluctance motors using Matlab/M-file

This paper presents a rotor shape optimization of interior type permanent magnet (IPM) motor for vibration minimization. The vibration of permanent magnet motor is generated by cogging torque, radial force and commutation torque ripple which are electromagnetic source of vibration. In order to minimize the vibration, the optimal notches are put on the rotor pole face and the arc type pole face is applied. The variations of cogging torque and radial force of each model vibration frequency are computation by finite element method (FEM) and the validity of the analysis and rotor shape design is confirmed by vibration experiments.

The shape design of interior type permanent magnet BLDC motor for minimization of mechanical vibration

This paper proposes magnetic field analysis method which can reduce the cogging torque in interior permanent magnet motor (IPMM). The magnetic field and cogging torque are analyzed by solving the Poisson equation for magnetizing distribution. The influences of various pole ratio and magnetizing distribution on the cogging torque are investigated. It is shown that the slot and pole ratio combination has a significant effect on the cogging torque and presents a optimal link shape to reduce the cogging torque. The validity of the proposed technique is confirmed with 2-D finite element (FE) analysis

Analytical prediction and reduction of the cogging torque in interior permanent magnet motor

This study proposes a technique for detecting stator inter-turn faults in brushless dc motors using the third harmonic components of line currents. The faults are attributed to insulation degradation between adjacent coils in a phase and, they cause distortions in the magnetic fields, which affect the harmonic components in line currents. To analyze the harmonic components under the asymmetric magnetic fields in a faulty motor, a system matrix is developed. As a result, the third harmonic components in line currents are noticeably generated in comparison to other harmonics, and the fault can be detected by determining whether the third harmonics exist. The proposed technique is verified by experiment under different operating conditions.

Detection technique for stator inter-turn faults in BLDC motors based on third harmonic components of line currents

A computational method for a performance analysis of the switched reluctance motor has been developed. Most of the papers present static characteristics, such as static torque based on a finite element method analysis. However, this method is based on a Fourier series expansion with step-by-step, current-dependent, adjustable coefficients. Analytical expression for the calculation of instantaneous phase inductance, flux linkage, co-energy, and electromagnetic torque as a function of rotor position and winding current are derived. Finally, the strategy to represent the winding inductance variation with position is made by approximating the actual inductance profile.

Jin Hur

Papers

Simulation of a switched reluctance motors using Matlab/M-file

The shape design of interior type permanent magnet BLDC motor for minimization of mechanical vibration

Analytical prediction and reduction of the cogging torque in interior permanent magnet motor

Detection technique for stator inter-turn faults in BLDC motors based on third harmonic components of line currents

Modeling of switched reluctance motor using Fourier series for performance analysis