Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human diseases by site-specific, and target-oriented delivery of precise medicines Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc) in the treatment of various diseases The current review, presents an updated summary of recent advances in the field of nanomedicines and nano based drug delivery systems through comprehensive scrutiny of the discovery and application of nanomaterials in improving both the efficacy of novel and old drugs (eg, natural products) and selective diagnosis through disease marker molecules The opportunities and challenges of nanomedicines in drug delivery from synthetic/natural sources to their clinical applications are also discussed In addition, we have included information regarding the trends and perspectives in nanomedicine area

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Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects

Quantum dots (QDs), also known as nanoscale semiconductor crystals, are nanoparticles with unique optical and electronic properties such as bright and intensive fluorescence. Since most conventional organic label dyes do not offer the near-infrared (>650 nm) emission possibility, QDs, with their tunable optical properties, have gained a lot of interest. They possess characteristics such as good chemical and photo-stability, high quantum yield and size-tunable light emission. Different types of QDs can be excited with the same light wavelength, and their narrow emission bands can be detected simultaneously for multiple assays. There is an increasing interest in the development of nano-theranostics platforms for simultaneous sensing, imaging and therapy. QDs have great potential for such applications, with notable results already published in the fields of sensors, drug delivery and biomedical imaging. This review summarizes the latest developments available in literature regarding the use of QDs for medical applications.

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Quantum dots in imaging, drug delivery and sensor applications.

Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: A review emphasizing on particle structure and drug release

Quantum dots in biomedical applications

Chiral amino acids are extensively applied in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, agricultural, and feedstuff industries. The development of synthetic methodologies for optically pure amino acids has been driven by their significant applications. Among the various synthesis methods for the production of chiral amino acids, enzymatic asymmetric synthesis is a unique preparation strategy that shows great potential. This review provides an overview of the reported methods for enzymatic asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino acids, including asymmetric reductive amination of keto acids, asymmetric transfer of an amino group to keto acids, enantioselective addition of ammonia to α,β-unsaturated acids, and aldol condensation of an amino acid to aldehydes.

Enzymatic asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino acids.

Near-infrared mediated quantum dots and paclitaxel co-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for cancer theragnostic.

A two-pronged photodynamic nanodrug to prevent metastasis of basal-like breast cancer.

Site-specific MOF-based immunotherapeutic nanoplatforms via synergistic tumor cells-targeted treatment and dendritic cells-targeted immunomodulation.

The antitumor immune response involves a cascade of three phases, namely, antigen presentation (Phase I), lymphocyte activation and proliferation/differentiation (Phase II), and tumor elimination (...

A Three-in-One Immunotherapy Nanoweapon via Cascade-Amplifying Cancer-Immunity Cycle against Tumor Metastasis, Relapse, and Postsurgical Regrowth.

The concept of integrating immunogenic cell death (ICD) with tailoring the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is promising for immunotherapy. Photothermal therapy (PTT) could efficiently induce ICD, while an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor could convert the "cold" TME. Therefore, combination of PTT and the IDO inhibitor is an attractive approach for immunotherapy. Unfortunately, combination of PTT and the IDO inhibitor for tumor therapy is rarely reported. Herein, organic photothermal agent IR820 and IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-tryptophan (1MT) were, for the first time, designed to be an all-rolled-into-one molecule nanoplatform via a molecular engineering strategy. The designed IR820-1MT molecule could self-assemble into nanoparticles with remarkably high dual-therapeutic agent loading (88.8 wt %). Importantly, poor water solubility of 1MT and inadequate targeting and short lifetime of IR820 were all well solved within as-prepared IR820-1MT nanoparticles. The laser-triggered IR820-1MT nanoparticles remarkably enhanced accumulation of cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells and simultaneously suppressed a proportion of regulatory T cells, resulting in excellent immunotherapy against tumor metastasis and recurrence. Our molecular engineering strategy provides a promising alternative option for design of a robust immunotherapy weapon against tumor metastasis and recurrence.

Jing Zhang

Papers

Near-infrared mediated quantum dots and paclitaxel co-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for cancer theragnostic.

A two-pronged photodynamic nanodrug to prevent metastasis of basal-like breast cancer.

Site-specific MOF-based immunotherapeutic nanoplatforms via synergistic tumor cells-targeted treatment and dendritic cells-targeted immunomodulation.

A Three-in-One Immunotherapy Nanoweapon via Cascade-Amplifying Cancer-Immunity Cycle against Tumor Metastasis, Relapse, and Postsurgical Regrowth.

Cold to Hot: Rational Design of a Minimalist Multifunctional Photo-immunotherapy Nanoplatform toward Boosting Immunotherapy Capability