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Using Multivariate Statistics

Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques

2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

The PROGRESS trial three years later

OBJECTIVE
To ascertain the improvements in length of stay and discharge rates following the opening of an acute medical unit (AMU).


METHODS
Retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted under general medicine from June-November 2008. Main outcome measures were length of stay in hospital and in the emergency department (ED).


RESULTS
The length of time spent in the emergency department for those admitted to the AMU was significantly shorter than those admitted directly to a medical ward (6.83h v. 9.40h, P<0.0001). A trend towards shorter hospital length of stay continued after the AMU opened compared with the same period in the previous year (5.15 days (2.49, 11.57 CI) v. 5.66 days (2.76, 11.52 CI)). However, the number of ward transfers for a patient and the need to wait for a nursing home bed or public rehabilitation affected length of stay much more than the AMU.


CONCLUSION
An AMU was successful in decreasing ED length of stay and contributed to decreasing hospital length of stay. However, we suggest that local context is crucially important in tailoring an AMU to obtain maximal benefit, and that AMUs are not a 'one size fits all' solution.

The effect of context on performance of an acute medical unit: experience from an Australian tertiary hospital | NOVA. The University of Newcastle's Digital Repository

http://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022202X22021832/pdf

238 Alleviation of neurogenic inflammation and reduction of skin aging signs, by blocking psychological stress signaling with a natural Cistus creticus extract

The sentence “For example, when considering the causal effect corresponding to the arrow from G to D, assuming all known confounders of G and D have been controlled for, the presence of the E G interaction node initially creates an open back-door path (since we are conditioning on the E x G collider); however, adjusting for G in this model closes the back-door path.” Should have concluded “however, adjusting for E in this model closes the back-door path” Further, the paragraph “We propose that effect modification could be graphically depicted as shown in Figure 3b. Here, inclusion of the E G node represents an assumption that the causal effect of E on D is modified by G.” should have appeared in the discussion of Figure 3, earlier in the paper. The paper has been corrected.

/pdf/correction-to-a-proposal-for-capturing-interaction-and-1pd1iy5h.pdf

Correction to: A proposal for capturing interaction and effect modification using DAGs

Introduction The target of a class of antiplatelet medicines, P2Y12R inhibitors, exists both on platelets and on brain immune cells (microglia). This protocol aims to describe a causal (based on a counterfactual model) approach for analysing whether P2Y12R inhibitors prescribed for secondary prevention poststroke may increase the risk of cognitive disorder or dementia via their actions on microglia, using real-world evidence. Methods and analysis This will be a cohort study nested within the Swedish National Health and Medical Registers, including all people with incident stroke from 2006 to 2016. We developed directed acyclic graphs to operationalise the causal research question considering potential time-independent and time-dependent confounding, using input from several experts. We developed a study protocol following the components of the target trial approach described by Hernan et al and describe the data structure that would be required in order to make a causal inference. We also describe the statistical approach required to derive the causal estimand associated with this important clinical question; that is, a time-to-event analysis for the development of cognitive disorder or dementia at 1, 2 and 5-year follow-up, based on approaches for competing events to account for the risk of all-cause mortality. Causal effect estimates and the precision in these estimates will be quantified. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Gothenburg and Confidentiality Clearance at Statistics Sweden with Dnr 937-18, and an approved addendum with Dnr 2019-0157. The analysis and interpretation of the results will be heavily reliant on the structure, quality and potential for bias of the databases used. When we implement the protocol, we will consider and document any biases specific to the dataset and conduct appropriate sensitivity analyses. Findings will be disseminated to local stakeholders via conferences, and published in appropriate scientific journals.

/pdf/do-p2y12-receptor-inhibitors-prescribed-poststroke-modify-2e7rupyr.pdf

Do P2Y12 receptor inhibitors prescribed poststroke modify the risk of cognitive disorder or dementia? Protocol for a target trial using multiple national Swedish registries

John Attia

Papers

The PROGRESS trial three years later

The effect of context on performance of an acute medical unit: experience from an Australian tertiary hospital | NOVA. The University of Newcastle's Digital Repository

238 Alleviation of neurogenic inflammation and reduction of skin aging signs, by blocking psychological stress signaling with a natural Cistus creticus extract

Correction to: A proposal for capturing interaction and effect modification using DAGs

Do P2Y12 receptor inhibitors prescribed poststroke modify the risk of cognitive disorder or dementia? Protocol for a target trial using multiple national Swedish registries