There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

The theory and instrumentation for Fourier transform infrared spectrometry are discussed. These instruments measure infrared spectra of the same quality as spectra measured on grating spectrometers in about one thousandth of the time. Their sensitivity advantage for spectra measured in equal times is between a factor of 10 and 100. Commercial spectrometers are now available from nine vendors in North America. Important areas of chemistry include atmospheric monitoring, surface chemistry, and on-line identification of chromatographically separated materials. Many new biochemical and biomedical applications are also becoming apparent, including investigations of phase transitions in lipids and studies of the biocompatibility of implant polymers.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/222/4621/297.full.pdf

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry

In the Raman effect, incident light is inelastically scattered from a sample and shifted in frequency by the energy of its characteristic molecular vibrations. Since its discovery in 1927, the effect has attracted attention from a basic research point of view as well as a powerful spectroscopic technique with many practical applications. The advent of laser light sources with monochromatic photons at high flux densities was a milestone in the history of Raman spectroscopy and resulted in dramatically improved scattering signals (for a general overview of modern Raman spectroscopy, see refs 1-5). In addition to this so-called spontaneous or incoherent Raman scattering, the development of lasers also opened the field of stimulated or coherent Raman spectroscopies, in which molecular vibrations are coherently excited. Whereas the intensity of spontaneous Raman scattering depends linearly on the number of probed molecules, the coherent Raman signal is proportional to the square of this number (for an overview, see refs 6 and 7). Coherent Raman techniques can provide interesting new opportunities such as vibrational imaging of biological samples,8 but they have not yet advanced the field of ultrasensitive trace detection. Therefore, in the following article, we shall focus on the spontaneous Raman effect, in the following simply called Raman scattering. Today, laser photons over a wide range of frequencies from the near-ultraviolet to the near-infrared region are used in Raman scattering studies, allowing selection of optimum excitation conditions for each sample. By choosing wavelengths which excite appropriate electronic transitions, resonance Raman studies of selected components of a sample or parts of a molecule can be performed.9 In the past few years, the range of excitation wavelengths has been extended to the near-infrared (NIR) region, in which background fluorescence is reduced and photoinduced degradation from the sample is diminished. High-intensity NIR diode lasers are easily available, making this region attractive for compact, low cost Raman instrumentation. Further, the development of low noise, high quantum efficiency multichannel detectors (chargecoupled device (CCD) arrays), combined with highthroughput single-stage spectrographs used in combination with holographic laser rejection filters, has led to high-sensitivity Raman spectrometers (for an overview on state-of-the-art NIR Raman systems, see ref 10). As we shall show in section 2, the nearinfrared region also has special importance for ultrasensitive Raman spectroscopy at the singlemolecule level. As with optical spectroscopy, the Raman effect can be applied noninvasively under ambient conditions in almost every environment. Measuring a Raman spectrum does not require special sample preparation techniques, in contrast with infrared absorption spectroscopy. Optical fiber probes for bringing excitation laser light to the sample and transporting scattered light to the spectrograph enable remote detection of Raman signals. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal resolution of Raman scattering are determined by the spot size and pulse length, respectively, of the excitation laser. By using a confocal microscope, Raman signals from femtoliter volumes (∼1 μm3) can by observed, enabling spatially resolved measurements in chromosomes and cells.11 Techniques such as multichannel Hadamard transform Raman microscopy12,13 or confocal scanning Fourier transform Raman microscopy14 allow generation of high-resolution Raman images of a sample. Recently, Raman spectroscopy was performed using near-field optical microscopy.15-17 Such techniques overcome the diffraction limit and allow volumes significantly smaller than the cube of the wavelength to be investigated. In the time domain, Raman spectra can be measured on the picosecond time scale, providing information on short-lived species such as excited 2957 Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2957−2975

Ultrasensitive Chemical Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy

Fundamentals and advances in magnesium alloy corrosion

The trans-influence: its measurement and significance

Part 1 Basic Theory.- Historical Background of Raman Spectroscopy Energy Units and Molecular Spectra Vibration of a Diatomic Molecule Origin of Raman Spectra Factors Determining Vibrational Frequencies Vibrations of Polyatomic Molecules Selection Rules for Infrared and Raman Spectra Raman Versus infrared Spectroscopy Depolarisation Ratios The Concept of Symmetry Point Symmetry Elements The Character Table Classification of Nominal Vibrations by Symmetry Point Group Selection Rules Resonance Raman Spectra Space Group Symmetry Normal Vibrations in a Crystal Selection Rules for Solids (Factor Group) Polarised Raman Spectra of Single Crystals Normal Co-ordinate Analysis Band Assignments and Isotopic Shifts. Part 2 Instrumentation and Experimental Techniques: Major Components Excitation Sources Sample Illumination and Scattered Light Collection Monochromator or Spectograph Detection System Instrument Calibration Sampling Techniques Depolarisation Ratios Raman Difference Spectroscopy. Part 3 Special Techniques: Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy Time-Resolved (IR2) Spectroscopy Matrix Isolation Raman Spectroscopy High Pressure Raman Spectroscopy Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Raman Spectroelectrochemistry Raman Microscopy FT-Raman Spectroscopy New Raman Techniques. Part 4 Applications: Applications to Structural Chemistry Applications to Biochemistry, Biology, and Medicine Solid State Application of Raman Spectroscopy Industrial Applications Appendices Chapter References Subject Index.

Introductory Raman spectroscopy

The electronic and ir spectra of rare-earth perovskites of the general formula LnZO3, where Ln is the rare earth ion or yttrium and Z is Cr, Mn, or Fe, have been studied in detail. The results have been discussed in terms of crystallography, magnetic properties, covalency of Ln–O and Z–O bonds, and Goodenough's one electron energy diagrams. In all these compounds the rare earth ions do not markedly affect the electronic transitions of the transition metal ions; the 3d electrons clearly exhibit localized behavior. Both the electronic and ir spectra of the LnZO3 perovskites are comparable to the spectra of the corresponding transition metal sesquioxides, Z2O3.

Infrared and Electronic Spectra of Rare Earth Perovskites: Ortho-Chromites, -Manganites and -Ferrites

This book provides an up-to-date treatment of synthetic metals - a rapidly moving area of industrial and academic research. It discusses four classes of conductors having a high metal-like conductivity: synthetic organics, charge-transfer salts, organic polymers, and transition-metal-containing conductors.

John R. Ferraro

Papers

Introductory Raman spectroscopy

Infrared and Electronic Spectra of Rare Earth Perovskites: Ortho-Chromites, -Manganites and -Ferrites

Introduction to Synthetic Electrical Conductors

Hydrogen bonding in organophosphoric acids

Structural and Raman spectroscopic studies as complementary tools in elucidating the nature of the bonding in polyiodides and in donor-I2 adducts