We present a new worldwide phylogenetic classification of 11506 grass species in 768 genera, 12 subfamilies, seven supertribes, 52 tribes, five supersubtribes, and 90 subtribes; and compare two phylogenetic classifications of the grass family published in 2015 (Soreng et al. and Kellogg). The subfamilies (in descending order based on the number of species) are Pooideae with 3968 species in 202 genera, 15 tribes, and 30 subtribes; Panicoideae with 3241 species in 247 genera, 13 tribes, and 19 subtribes; Bambusoideae with 1670 species in 125 genera, three tribes, and 15 subtribes; Chloridoideae with 1602 species in 124 genera, five tribes, and 26 subtribes; Aristidoideae with 367 species in three genera, and one tribe; Danthonioideae with 292 species in 19 genera, and one tribe; Micrairoideae with 184 species in eight genera, and three tribes; Oryzoideae with 115 species in 19 genera, four tribes, and two subtribes; Arundinoideae with 40 species in 14 genera, two tribes, and two subtribes; Pharoideae with 12 species in three genera, and one tribe; Puelioideae with 11 species in two genera, and two tribes; and the Anomochlooideae with four species in two genera, and two tribes. We also include a radial tree illustrating the hierarchical relationships among the subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Newly described taxa include: supertribes Melicodae and Nardodae; supersubtribes Agrostidodinae, Boutelouodinae, Gouiniodinae, Loliodinae, and Poodinae; and subtribes Echinopogoninae and Ventenatinae.

A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications

As an emerging cellulosic nanomaterial, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) have shown enormous potential in the forest products industry. The forest products industry and academia are working together to realise the possibilities of commercializing MFC and NFC. However, there are still needs to improve the processing, characterisation and material properties of nanocellulose in order to realise its full potential. The annual number of research publications and patents on nanocellulose with respect to manufacturing, properties and applications is now up in the thousands, so it is of the utmost importance to review articles that endeavour to research on this explosive topic of cellulose nanomaterials. This review examines the past and current situation of wood-based MFC and NFC in relation to its processing and applications relating to papermaking.

Processing of wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose, and applications relating to papermaking: a review

Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies.

Transdermal drug delivery

Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) have played a pivotal role in driving the continuous development of optoelectronics technologies, which include organic optoelectronic applications. In recent years, there has been huge interest in designing innovative TCEs to replace the conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, which suffer from complex fabrication issues and are incompatible with flexible, wearable electronic devices. In this regard, TCEs based on metal meshes are considered to be the best candidates because of their inherently high electrical conductivity, optical transparency, mechanical robustness and, more importantly, cost-competitiveness. In this review, we describe the technology developments of metal mesh-based transparent conductors and their applications in organic optoelectronic devices, including organic and perovskite solar cells, organic light emitting diodes, supercapacitors, electrochromic devices etc. Specifically, we discuss the fundamental features, optoelectronic properties, fabrication techniques and device applications of metal mesh TCEs. We also highlight the important criteria for evaluating the performance of metal mesh electrodes and propose some new research directions in this emerging field.

Flexible transparent conducting electrodes based on metal meshes for organic optoelectronic device applications: a review

Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 984610.1038/srep09846; published online: April202015; updated: October052015

/pdf/corrigendum-sound-packing-dna-packing-open-circular-dna-with-m2obn702z4.pdf

Corrigendum: Sound Packing DNA: packing open circular DNA with low-intensity ultrasound

Sonophoresis can increase skin permeability to various drugs in transdermal drug delivery. Cavitation is recognized as the predominant mechanism of sonophoresis. Recently, a new logical approach to enhance the efficiency of transdermal drug delivery was tried. It is to utilize the engineered microbubble and its resonant frequency for increase of cavitation activity. Actively-induced cavitation with low-intensity ultrasound (less than ~1 MPa) causes disordering of the lipid bilayers and the formation of aqueous channels by stable cavitation which indicates a continuous oscillation of bubbles. Furthermore, the mutual interactions of microbubble determined by concentration of added bubble are also thought to be an important factor for activity of stable cavitation, even in different characteristics of drug. In the present study, we addressed the dependence of ultrasound contrast agent concentration using two types of drug on the efficiency of transdermal drug delivery. Two types of experiment were designed to quantitatively evaluate the efficiency of transdermal drug delivery according to ultrasound contrast agent concentration. First, an experiment of optical clearing using a tissue optical clearing agent was designed to assess the efficiency of sonophoresis with ultrasound contrast agents. Second, a Franz diffusion cell with ferulic acid was used to quantitatively determine the amount of drug delivered to the skin sample by sonophoresis with ultrasound contrast agents. The maximum enhancement ratio of sonophoresis with a concentration of 1:1,000 was approximately 3.1 times greater than that in the ultrasound group without ultrasound contrast agent and approximately 7.5 times greater than that in the control group. These results support our hypothesis that sonophoresis becomes more effective in transdermal drug delivery due to the presence of engineered bubbles, and that the efficiency of transdermal drug delivery using sonophoresis with microbubbles depends on the concentration of microbubbles in case stable cavitation is predominant.

/pdf/sonophoresis-using-ultrasound-contrast-agents-dependence-on-340vm5n8jp.pdf

Sonophoresis using ultrasound contrast agents: Dependence on concentration

The sonophoresis, which utilizes ultrasound for transdermal drug delivery (TDD), can improve the efficiency of drug delivery for a variety of drugs predominantly due to cavitation effect. In order to increase the efficacy of sonophoresis, we propose an alternative cavitation seed specialized for sonophoresis, which can be concentrated on the skin surface by gravity adapting perfluorohexane as core. Methods: in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to assess the effect of the specialized cavitation seed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for in vitro experiments on porcine skin with ferulic acid, and an optical imaging system was used for in vivo experiments on the rat model with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FD, 150 kDa), respectively. Results: The amount of ferulic acid delivered by sonophoresis with the proposed cavitation seed was approximately 1700 times greater than the amount delivered by diffusion. FD could be delivered to a depth of $500~\mu \text{m}$ under the skin, and the average total flux in the region of interest was increased 6.4-fold for the group using sonophoresis with the cavitation seed compared to the group using diffusion. Conclusion: Conclusively, sonophoresis with the proposed cavitation seed demonstrated the significant improvement in TDD and the possibility of macromolecule delivery into the skin. Significance: This approach has potential to be a main TDD method for variety of applications including medicine and cosmetics.

Transdermal Drug Delivery Using a Specialized Cavitation Seed for Ultrasound

Sonophoresis can increase the delivery efficiency of various drugs into the skin. A recent advance in sonophoresis is the use of ultrasound‐responsive liquid‐core nuclei (URLN) to increase the probability of cavitation. In this study, we developed a URLN and ultrasound device, and demonstrated its effectiveness through in vitro and clinical tests.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/srt.13129

Sonophoresis with ultrasound‐responsive liquid‐core nuclei for transdermal drug delivery

Supercoiling DNA (folding DNA into a more compact molecule) from open circular forms requires significant bending energy. The double helix is coiled into a higher order helix form; thus it occupies a smaller footprint. Compact packing of DNA is essential to improve the efficiency of gene delivery, which has broad implications in biology and pharmaceutical research. Here we show that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound can pack open circular DNA into supercoil form. Plasmid DNA subjected to 5.4 mW/cm2 intensity ultrasound showed significant (p-values <0.001) supercoiling compared to DNA without exposure to ultrasound. Radiation force induced from ultrasound and dragging force from the fluid are believed to be the main factors that cause supercoiling. This study provides the first evidence to show that low-intensity ultrasound can directly alter DNA topology. We anticipate our results to be a starting point for improved non-viral gene delivery.

/pdf/sound-packing-dna-packing-open-circular-dna-with-low-2ulqo3u5r4.pdf

Jong Ho Won

Papers

Corrigendum: Sound Packing DNA: packing open circular DNA with low-intensity ultrasound

Sonophoresis using ultrasound contrast agents: Dependence on concentration

Transdermal Drug Delivery Using a Specialized Cavitation Seed for Ultrasound

Sonophoresis with ultrasound‐responsive liquid‐core nuclei for transdermal drug delivery

Sound Packing DNA: packing open circular DNA with low-intensity ultrasound