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Properties Of Concrete

The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.

Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review

Recent advancements in supercapacitor technology

American Society of Civil Engineers

Advances in understanding alkali-activated materials

The production of dredged mud constitutes a problem of first magnitude for two reasons: the huge amount of generated wastes, and the environmental risk as a consequence of the accumulated and persistent pollutants. Dredging is a routine maintenance activity in many industrial harbors. However, the management of dredging wastes also appears in other circumstances. The Albufera lagoon in Valencia (Spain) is located in a Ramsar wetland. This lagoon has received, over many decades, the pollutants of domestic and industrial activities from the surrounding metropolitan area. In the last century, an increase in the sedimentary process produced an acceleration of filling, decreasing the capacity of the basin. The area is being protected because of its high ecological value. The aim, or the study is to characterize and to quantify the accumulated pollution and compare several alternatives for the use of those sedimentary materials. Heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, PCB's and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons have been identified. The availability of such prime materials for cement production, as material for agricultural soil restoration, and as material for civil engineering construction will be evaluated. Chemical analysis data, that evaluate the degree of persistent pollution, permits one to be optimistic in the reuse of those wastes.

Characterization of lagoon sediments and their pollutant charge. Proposals for reusing

The aim of this study was to use the electrical impedance spectroscopy technique (IS) to carry out a systematic study on the mechanism of metakaolin geopolymerization for up to 7 curing days. The study was developed on two batches of metakaolin (MK), and their reaction processes were compared. Interpretative fundamental elements were developed based on the effective electrical conductivity curves regarding the metakaolin geopolymerization. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were previously carried out and used to interpret and validate the electrical behavior of the fresh and hardened MK-based geopolymer pastes. The results highlighted the sensibility of the impedance technique to the identification and description of the MK geopolymerization process, as well as the changes resulting from even slight variations in the metakaolin composition. Furthermore, this indicated that the geopolymerization process in highly alkaline solutions could be divided into seven stages, including the processes of dissolution, nucleation, precipitation and formation of the gel and, eventually, the retraction/microcracks constitution. Late dissolution processes could be observed during the more advanced stages and were attributed to particles not being fully hydrated.

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Impedance Spectroscopy as a Methodology to Evaluate the Reactivity of Metakaolin Based Geopolymers

Stabilization of soil by means alternative alkali‐activated cement prepared with spent FCC catalyst

In this paper the possibility of using the rice husk with and without pretreatment was analyzed, as an addition in the preparation of lightweight mortars. Various pretreatments of rice husk, such as washing with distilled water, acid solution bath for 24 h, basic solution bath for 24 h, and combinations and variations of the above pretreatments have been studied. Properties such as density, flexural and compressive strength of mortars have been tested. Finally, three selected mortars were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy technique. The results showed that mortars with very low density and high porosity were obtained, which make them candidates to produce construction materials for thermal and acoustic insulation, but not for manufacturing bearing elements due to their low mechanical strength. Conclusion are that the chemical treatment of husks with alkaline reagents and the addition of calcium chloride as the curing accelerator are two effective methods for the reuse of this waste in lightweight mortar.

Morteros aligerados con cascarilla de arroz: diseño de mezclas y evaluación de propiedades lightweight mortars with rice husk: mix design and properties evaluation

This paper proposes binary and ternary combinations of sewage sludge ash (SSA) with fly ash (FA), marble dust (MD) and rice husk ash (RHA) as partial replacements of Portland cement in concretes with a similar dosage to that used in precast blocks, with very dry consistency. Several physical-mechanical tests were carried out on concrete specimens with curing ages of 28 and 90 days: density, water absorption, capillary water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength. The combinations of residues significantly improve the properties of the cementitious systems: 30% replacement of Portland cement provides strength values similar to the reference sample, showing the synergetic effects of the combination of the mineral additions. The significance of this research relies on the combined use of the mineral additions as well as the use of them for the precast block industry. The results show synergies among the additions and even that some of them showed relevant improvements when they are used in combination, performing better than when used individually.

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Jordi Payá

Papers

Characterization of lagoon sediments and their pollutant charge. Proposals for reusing

Impedance Spectroscopy as a Methodology to Evaluate the Reactivity of Metakaolin Based Geopolymers

Stabilization of soil by means alternative alkali‐activated cement prepared with spent FCC catalyst

Morteros aligerados con cascarilla de arroz: diseño de mezclas y evaluación de propiedades lightweight mortars with rice husk: mix design and properties evaluation

Concrete for Precast Blocks: Binary and Ternary Combination of Sewage Sludge Ash with Diverse Mineral Residue.