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Using Multivariate Statistics

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society

Following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, many have expressed concern about the effects of false stories (“fake news”), circulated largely through social media. We discuss the economics of fake news and present new data on its consumption prior to the election. Drawing on web browsing data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: (i) social media was an important but not dominant source of election news, with 14 percent of Americans calling social media their “most important” source; (ii) of the known false news stories that appeared in the three months before the election, those favoring Trump were shared a total of 30 million times on Facebook, while those favoring Clinton were shared 8 million times; (iii) the average American adult saw on the order of one or perhaps several fake news stories in the months around the election, with just over half of those who recalled seeing them believing them; and (iv) people are much more likely to believe stories that favor their preferred candidate, especially if they have ideologically segregated social media networks.

/pdf/social-media-and-fake-news-in-the-2016-election-1m4ttkb5mo.pdf

Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election

Warning labels on tobacco products sometimes feature images and stories of real people whose health has been affected by smoking. We examined effects of some of the design elements that may contribute to the effectiveness of these testimonial pictorial warning labels (PWLs). Beginning with a testimonial PWL that contained an image of a person and a basic warning statement (e.g., "Smoking can kill you"), we examined the impact of adding: (a) text detailing the person's name, age and health status (identifiers); and (b) explanatory statements that elaborated on the basic warning using a testimonial or non-testimonial message. In an online experiment, 1255 adult smokers in the United States were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions (2 [identifier: none/identifier] × 3 [explanatory statement: none/non-testimonial/testimonial]), or a control condition (text only warning labels that currently appear on packs in the United States). In each condition, participants were exposed to multiple labels each focused on a different health effect. Effectiveness was assessed using emotional responses, engagement and behavioral intentions measured immediately post-exposure, and quit attempts measured at five-week follow up. Testimonial PWLs were more effective than the text only labels. However, there was little evidence that adding identifiers or the explanatory statements enhanced effectiveness; rather, there was some evidence that testimonial explanatory statements reduced effectiveness. These findings suggest that the most effective design for testimonial PWLs may be to combine a basic warning statement with an image of a real person, without any additional textual components.

Designing Effective Testimonial Pictorial Warning Labels for Tobacco Products.

Using beliefs about positive and negative consequences as the basis for designing message interventions for lowering risky behavior

Objective In 2017, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reached an agreement with Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company (SFNTC) stipulating that SFNTC will remove ‘natural’ and ‘additive-free’ from Natural American Spirit (NAS) marketing to combat misperceptions that NAS is a healthier cigarette. The purpose of this study was to assess experimentally the potential effectiveness of the agreement in addressing NAS misperceptions. Methods In an online experiment, 820 current and former smokers were assigned randomly to advertising conditions with existing claims from NAS advertisements, modified claims or a no-exposure control. Advertising conditions included (1) ‘original’ NAS advertising text before the agreement; (2) ‘2017 agreement’ language permissible under the FDA–SFNTC agreement (removing ‘natural’, ‘additive-free’); (3) more restrictive (‘stricter’) language representing additional regulation (removing ‘natural’ from the brand name and the phrases ‘tobacco+water’, ‘no chemicals’). Participants completed outcome measures assessing misinformed beliefs and intentions towards NAS. Results One-way ANOVA showed that relative to the ‘original’ language, the ‘2017 agreement’ language reduced misconceptions about NAS addictiveness, but not about health or constituent composition. Yet ‘stricter’ language significantly reduced all categories of misinformed beliefs, which in turn mediated effects on (lower) intentions to use NAS. Conclusion The 2017 agreement helps dispel some misconceptions about NAS addictiveness, but does not sufficiently rectify misinformation about health or composition. Since ‘stricter’ language more effectively corrects misinformed beliefs, our results suggest the need for further regulations in addressing misinformation that drives intentions towards NAS.

https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/early/2019/01/28/tobaccocontrol-2018-054707.full.pdf

Regulating language, not inference: an examination of the potential effectiveness of Natural American Spirit advertising restrictions

Coorientational Accuracy in Interpersonal and Small Group Discussions: A Literature Review, Model, and Simulation

One of the benefits of web-based research is the capacity to deliver video content directly to individual survey participants. However, yet to be investigated is whether the participant demographic and attitudinal characteristics are distorted when respondents are asked to view and respond to videos on their personal computers. To address this question, this research paper focuses on two potential types of selection bias introduced into web-based studies with video content: (1) that resulting from respondents� differential ability to view videos; and (2) that resulting from demographic and motivational influences of adequate exposure to video content. Through a secondary analysis of two studies focusing on adult cigarette smokers living in the United States, this research paper investigates whether the ability to view videos differs between demographic groups, whether respondents who do not view videos for their full duration differ from those who view videos for an appropriate amount of time, and whether video characteristics influenced this relationship. Results show that age, education, sex, household internet access, and work status influence the likelihood of a respondent reporting an inability to view videos. In addition, age, employment status, and congeniality of and interest in issue topic affect adequate video viewing times. These outcomes suggest that although web-based studies offer many advantages, the inclusion of videos within these surveys has the potential to undermine the accuracy of study findings and distort the representative nature of the study sample. Recommendations for minimizing potential distortions are presented

Joseph N. Cappella

Papers

Designing Effective Testimonial Pictorial Warning Labels for Tobacco Products.

Using beliefs about positive and negative consequences as the basis for designing message interventions for lowering risky behavior

Regulating language, not inference: an examination of the potential effectiveness of Natural American Spirit advertising restrictions

Coorientational Accuracy in Interpersonal and Small Group Discussions: A Literature Review, Model, and Simulation

Video Content in Web Surveys Effects on Selection Bias and Validity