https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(18)32388-2/pdf

Burden of liver diseases in the world

http://swissliver.ch/images/content/pdf/ajg2014131a.pdf

ACG Clinical Guideline: The Diagnosis and Management of Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury

EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Drug-induced liver injury

RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) or its previous synonym CIOMS (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences) is a well established tool in common use to quantitatively assess causality in cases of suspected drug induced liver injury (DILI) and herb induced liver injury (HILI). Historical background and the original work confirm the use of RUCAM as single term for future cases, dismissing now the term CIOMS for reasons of simplicity and clarity. RUCAM represents a structured, standardized, validated, and hepatotoxicity specific diagnostic approach that attributes scores to individual key items, providing final quantitative gradings of causality for each suspect drug/herb in a case report. Experts from Europe and the United States had previously established in consensus meetings the first criteria of RUCAM to meet the requirements of clinicians and practitioners in care for their patients with suspected DILI and HILI. RUCAM was completed by additional criteria and validated, assisting to establish the timely diagnosis with a high degree of certainty. In many countries and for more than two decades, physicians, regulatory agencies, case report authors, and pharmaceutical companies successfully applied RUCAM for suspected DILI and HILI. Their practical experience, emerging new data on DILI and HILI characteristics, and few ambiguous questions in domains such alcohol use and exclusions of non-drug causes led to the present update of RUCAM. The aim was to reduce interobserver and intraobserver variability, to provide accurately defined, objective core elements, and to simplify the handling of the items. We now present the update of the well accepted original RUCAM scale and recommend its use for clinical, regulatory, publication, and expert purposes to validly establish causality in cases of suspected DILI and HILI, facilitating a straightforward application and an internationally harmonized approach of causality assessment as a common basic tool.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/17/1/14/pdf

RUCAM in drug and herb induced liver injury: The update

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hep.31065

Diagnosis and Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis in Adults and Children: 2019 Practice Guidance and Guidelines From the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(15)00311-X/pdf

Judy Hooker

Papers

Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN prospective study

Tu2094 Atypical GERD Is a Mechanism of Nausea in a Subset of Patients With Gastroparesis