다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

Metamaterials, or engineered materials with rationally designed, subwavelength-scale building blocks, allow us to control the behavior of physical fields in optical, microwave, radio, acoustic, heat transfer, and other applications with flexibility and performance that are unattainable with naturally available materials. In turn, metasurfaces-planar, ultrathin metamaterials-extend these capabilities even further. Optical metasurfaces offer the fascinating possibility of controlling light with surface-confined, flat components. In the planar photonics concept, it is the reduced dimensionality of the optical metasurfaces that enables new physics and, therefore, leads to functionalities and applications that are distinctly different from those achievable with bulk, multilayer metamaterials. Here, we review the progress in developing optical metasurfaces that has occurred over the past few years with an eye toward the promising future directions in the field.

/pdf/planar-photonics-with-metasurfaces-1sfd62lis7.pdf

Planar Photonics with Metasurfaces

Subwavelength resolution imaging requires high numerical aperture (NA) lenses, which are bulky and expensive. Metasurfaces allow the miniaturization of conventional refractive optics into planar structures. We show that high-aspect-ratio titanium dioxide metasurfaces can be fabricated and designed as metalenses with NA = 0.8. Diffraction-limited focusing is demonstrated at wavelengths of 405, 532, and 660 nm with corresponding efficiencies of 86, 73, and 66%. The metalenses can resolve nanoscale features separated by subwavelength distances and provide magnification as high as 170×, with image qualities comparable to a state-of-the-art commercial objective. Our results firmly establish that metalenses can have widespread applications in laser-based microscopy, imaging, and spectroscopy.

Metalenses at visible wavelengths: Diffraction-limited focusing and subwavelength resolution imaging.

Focus-Tunable Planar Lenses by Controlled Carriers over Exciton

We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate an RGB achromatic metalens that operates concurrently at three visible wavelengths ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>450</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 532, and 700 nm) with a high numerical aperture of 0.87. The RGB metalens is designed by simple integration of metalens components with the spatial interleaving method. The simulated spatial interleaving metalens shows RGB achromatic operation with focusing efficiencies of 25.2%, 58.7%, and 66.4% at the wavelengths of 450, 532, and 700 nm, respectively. A 450 μm diameter metalens operating at three designated wavelengths is fabricated with low-loss hydrogenated amorphous silicon. The fabricated metalens has the measured focusing efficiencies of 5.9%, 11.3%, and 13.6% at <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>450</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , 532, and 700 nm, respectively. The Strehl ratios of 0.89, 0.88, and 0.82 are obtained at given wavelengths, which show a capability of diffraction-limited operation. 

High numerical aperture RGB achromatic metalens in the visible

Low‐dimensional light‐emitting materials have been actively investigated due to their unprecedented optical and optoelectronic properties that are not observed in their bulk forms. However, the emission from low‐dimensional light‐emitting materials is generally weak and difficult to use in nanophotonic devices without being amplified and engineered by optical cavities. Along with studies on various planar optical cavities over the last decade, the physics of cavity–emitter interactions as well as various integration methods are investigated deeply. These integrations not only enhance the light–matter interaction of the emitters, but also provide opportunities for realizing nanophotonic devices based on the new physics allowed by low‐dimensional emitters. In this review, the fundamentals, strengths and weaknesses of various planar optical resonators are first provided. Then, commonly used low‐dimensional light‐emitting materials such as 0D emitters (quantum dots and upconversion nanoparticles) and 2D emitters (transition‐metal dichalcogenide and hexagonal boron nitride) are discussed. The integration of these emitters and cavities and the expect interplay between them are explained in the following chapters. Finally, a comprehensive discussion and outlook of nanoscale cavity‐emitter integrated systems is provided.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202203889

Planar Optical Cavities Hybridized with Low‐Dimensional Light‐Emitting Materials

A transmission type helicity-multiplexed metasurface hologram is demonstrated at wavelength of 633 nm using low loss hydrogenated amorphous silicon to achieve the pragmatic features of metasurfaces in the integrated photonic circuits. © 2019 The Author(s)

Helicity-Multiplexed Hologram via All-Dielectric Metasurface in the Visible Domain

ABSTRACT In this paper, we review the specific field that combines topological photonics and deep learning (DL). Recent progress of topological photonics has attracted enormous interest for its novel and exotic properties such as unidirectional propagation of electromagnetic waves and robust manipulation of photons. These phenomena are expected to meet the growing demands of next-generation nanophotonic devices. However, to model and engineer such highly-complex systems are challenging. Recently, DL, a subset of machine learning methods using neural network (NN) algorithms, has been introduced in the field of nanophotonics as an effective way to capture a complex nonlinear relationship between design parameters and their corresponding optical properties. In particular, among various fields of nanophotonics, DL applications to topological photonics empowered by NN models have shown astonishing results in capturing the global material properties of topological systems. This review presents fundamental concepts of topological photonics and the basics of DL applied to nanophotonics in parallel. Recent studies of DL applications to topological systems using NN models are discussed thereafter. The summary and outlook showing the potential of taking data-driven approaches in topological photonics research and general physics are also discussed. Graphical Abstract

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23746149.2022.2046156?needAccess=true

Junsuk Rho

Papers

Focus-Tunable Planar Lenses by Controlled Carriers over Exciton

High numerical aperture RGB achromatic metalens in the visible

Planar Optical Cavities Hybridized with Low‐Dimensional Light‐Emitting Materials

Helicity-Multiplexed Hologram via All-Dielectric Metasurface in the Visible Domain

Deep learning for topological photonics