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Statistical Parametric Mapping The Analysis Of Functional Brain Images

The Working Brain: An Introduction to Neuropsychology

Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Puzzles and prospects

https://isiarticles.com/bundles/Article/pre/pdf/33861.pdf

Emotional modulation of control dilemmas: the role of positive affect, reward, and dopamine in cognitive stability and flexibility.

In the context of performance optimizations in multitasking, a central debate has unfolded in multitasking research around whether cognitive processes related to different tasks proceed only sequentially (one at a time), or can operate in parallel (simultaneously). This review features a discussion of theoretical considerations and empirical evidence regarding parallel versus serial task processing in multitasking. In addition, we highlight how methodological differences and theoretical conceptions determine the extent to which parallel processing in multitasking can be detected, to guide their employment in future research. Parallel and serial processing of multiple tasks are not mutually exclusive. Therefore, questions focusing exclusively on either task-processing mode are too simplified. We review empirical evidence and demonstrate that shifting between more parallel and more serial task processing critically depends on the conditions under which multiple tasks are performed. We conclude that efficient multitasking is reflected by the ability of individuals to adjust multitasking performance to environmental demands by flexibly shifting between different processing strategies of multiple task-component scheduling.

/pdf/efficient-multitasking-parallel-versus-serial-processing-of-2lrce0rkcu.pdf

Efficient multitasking: parallel versus serial processing of multiple tasks.

Current models of multitasking assume that dual-task performance and the degree of multitasking are affected by cognitive control strategies In particular, cognitive control is assumed to regulate the amount of shielding of the prioritised task from crosstalk from the secondary task We investigated whether and how task shielding is influenced by mood states Participants were exposed to two short film clips, one inducing high and one inducing low arousal, of either negative or positive content Negative mood led to stronger shielding of the prioritised task (ie, less crosstalk) than positive mood, irrespective of arousal These findings support the assumption that emotional states determine the parameters of cognitive control and play an important role in regulating dual-task performance

Mood states determine the degree of task shielding in dual-task performance

Goal-directed behavior is based on representations of contingencies between a certain situation (S), a certain (re)action (R) and a certain outcome (O). These S-R-O representations enable flexible response selection in different situations according to the currently pursued goal. Importantly however, the successful formation of such representations is a necessary but not sufficient precondition for goal-directed behavior which additionally requires the actual usage of the contingency information for action control. The present fMRI study aimed at identifying the neural basis of each of these two aspects: representing vs. explicitly using experienced S-R-O contingencies. To this end, we created three experimental conditions: S-R-O contingency present and used for outcome-based response selection, S-R-O contingency present but not used, and S-R-O contingency absent. The comparison between conditions with and without S-R-O contingency revealed that the angular gyrus is relevant for representing S-R-O contingencies. The explicit usage of learnt S-R-O representations in turn was associated with increased functional coupling between angular gyrus and several subcortical (hippocampus, caudate head), prefrontal (lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC)) and cerebellar areas, which we suggest represent different explicit and implicit processes of goal-directed action control. Hence, we ascribe a central role to the angular gyrus in associating actions to their sensory outcomes which is used to guide behavior through coupling of the angular gyrus with multiple areas related to different aspects of action control.

/pdf/neural-mechanisms-of-goal-directed-behavior-outcome-based-2eak24jxrh.pdf

Neural mechanisms of goal-directed behavior: outcome-based response selection is associated with increased functional coupling of the angular gyrus.

By following explicit instructions, humans instantaneously get the hang of tasks they have never performed before. We used a specially calibrated multivariate analysis technique to uncover the elusive representational states during the first few implementations of arbitrary rules such as 'for coffee, press red button' following their first-time instruction. Distributed activity patterns within the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) indicated the presence of neural representations specific of individual stimulus-response (S-R) rule identities, preferentially for conditions requiring the memorization of instructed S-R rules for correct performance. Identity-specific representations were detectable starting from the first implementation trial and continued to be present across early implementation trials. The increasingly fluent application of novel rule representations was channelled through increasing cooperation between VLPFC and anterior striatum. These findings inform representational theories on how the prefrontal cortex supports behavioral flexibility specifically by enabling the ad-hoc coding of newly instructed individual rule identities during their first-time implementation.

Katharina Zwosta

Papers

Mood states determine the degree of task shielding in dual-task performance

Neural mechanisms of goal-directed behavior: outcome-based response selection is associated with increased functional coupling of the angular gyrus.

Neural representation of newly instructed rule identities during early implementation trials.

No anticipation without intention: response-effect compatibility in effect-based and stimulus-based actions.

Habit strength is predicted by activity dynamics in goal-directed brain systems during training.